In other agentive verbs
13.6.3 In other agentive verbs
Interrogative 2.person past, clause type ST1 13.74 khøt jampu-la phim=pa? 2SG Kathmandu-DAT go.come[PST]=Q ‘Did you go to Kathmandu?’ Declarative 1.person past, clause type ST1, affirmative answer to 13.74 13 .75 ŋa jampu-la phim-pen. 1SG Kathmandu-DAT go.come[PST]-1PST ‘I went to Kathmandu.’ Typically only the verb occurs in an answer like this, phim-pen. Negated declarative 1.person past, an answer to 13.74 13.76 mat-phin. NEG-go.come[PST] ‘I did not go to Kathmandu.’ This is just like in 13.72. The verb has past tense root and therefore it would not qualify for a negated imperative. Interrog ative, 3.person past 13 .77 aku passaŋ jampu-la phim-pa bek=ka? uncle passang home-DAT go.come[PST]-NMLZ;Q AUX=Q ‘Did uncle Passang go to Kathmandu and come back?’ Examples 13.74–13.76 show that there is no agreement pattern with the past tense forms. Declarative 1.person nonpast, clause type ST1 13 .78 ŋa jampu-la ɖo-ken. 1SG Kathmandu-DAT go-NMLZ;CONJ ‘I’ll go to Kathmandu.’ Or: ‘I go to Kathmandu.’ Inte rrogative 2.person nonpast 13.79 khøt jampu-la ɖo-ken? 2SG Kathmandu-DAT go-NMLZ;CONJ.Q ‘Will you go to Kathmandu?’ Or: ‘Do you go to Kathmandu?’ The examples 13.78 and 13.79 qualify for conjunct forms. The verb is agentive and the tense is nonpast. Negated 2.person interrogative 13.80 khøt jampu-la mit- ɖo-ken? 2SG Kathmandu-DAT NEG-go-NMLZ;CONJ.Q ‘Do you not go to Kathmandu?’ Negated declarative 1.person, answer to 13.79 or to 13.80 13.81 mit- ɖo. NEG-go[NPST] ‘I do not go to Kathmandu.’ There is no morpheme in this clause that marks it as negated 1.person nonpast. The anticipated negated answer mit- ɖo-ken is not acceptable as a finite verb but is acceptable as negated headless subject relative clause, ‘one who does not go’ see more about relative clauses in section 17.2. Just for the sake of interest I give an example of this same conjunct marker used with a non- agentive verb: 13 .82 raŋ pakka-la mit-thøn-na ŋa okma-la thakpa taa-na 2SG outside-DAT NEG-come.out-NFNT1 1SG neck-DAT rope tie.up-NFNT1 ɕi ɖo-ken sin-na uu thakpa taa-pa bet. die go-NMLZ;CONJ say-NFNT1 frustr. rope tie.up-NMLZ;Q AUX okma di-la. TE21 neck DEF-DAT ‘“If you do not come outside, I am going to tie a rope around my neck and die.”’ Or: ‘… “I am going to commit suicide by tying a rope around my neck.”’ Of course, ‘to die’ is not an intentional verb. However, it is not difficult to realize that in this example the reference is to suicide, an intentional act. The character of this story did not have real intention to die but this was a threat to force the princess to tell her story. If someone yields to the idea that he is not going to recover but is going to have a natural death he would say, 13.83 jak hariŋ ŋa ɕi-ken pet. SAP today 1SG die-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘I have accepted that I will die today.’ Note that the conjunct verb form is not used. Speaker is terminally sick.13.6.4 An alternative way to analyze conjunct marker -ken
Parts
» Human classifier -pa, HUM1 Human classifier -paa, HUM2
» Marking plural in noun stems, PL1
» Marking plural in noun stems, NPs, and demonstratives
» Quantifiers marking plural of count nouns
» Numerals marking plural of count nouns
» Quantifiers modifying mass nouns
» baalik rii rii hat Cardinal numerals
» Marking the group of participants on numerals
» Ordinal numerals Partitive numerals
» Demonstratives as free pronouns
» Distal remote spatial demonstratives
» Indefinite spatial demonstratives Ablative marked demonstratives marking temporal linkage
» The ablative case The instrumental case
» The locative case The inessive case
» The allative case sillcdd 34.
» The vocative case sillcdd 34.
» Postpositions with genitive complements
» Postpositions with absolutive complements Postpositions with comitative complements
» Traces of grammatical gender in adjectives
» Derivational operators that produce adjectives from nouns, postpositions, and adverbs
» Derivational operators that produce adjectives from verbs
» Manner adverbs modifying the following verb
» Expressive manner adverbs Manner clauses modifying the finite verb
» Nominalized manner clauses as complements of a noun or NP More generic manner adverbs
» Specific time Adverbs of time
» Relative time Adverbs of time
» Adverbs that modify a NP or a whole clause Reversed conditional and emphatic adverbs
» Epistemic adverbs Adverbs of intensity
» Imparting new information Clitics
» Speaker’s embarassment and frustration
» Disclaimer or ‘hearsay’ particle Mirative particle
» Determination particle Speaker’s corrective particle
» Speaker’s rectifying particle Hearer’s agreement particles
» Confirmation Speaker’s compassionate attitude
» Speaker’s acceptance or call for acceptance
» Speaker’s call for attention
» Speaker’s emphatic call for attention
» Speaker’s response or call for response
» Morphophonemic vowel changes in verb roots
» Semantically empty grammatical heads
» Phonological and morphological note about negative prefixes
» Negated existential copulas Negated equative copular verbs
» Backward spreading of negation Double negation
» Conjunctdisjunct agreement patterns In bi-transitive verbs
» An alternative way to analyze conjunct marker -ken
» Speakerhearer’s direct experience with the action or the event of a finite verb, which is
» Speaker’s inference based on visual results of an event
» Speakerhearer’s direct sensory observation of the event of a finite verb marked by -
» Speakerhearer’s direct sensory observation of the process of a finite verb marked by -kuk
» Speakerhearers direct sensory observation marked in existential copulas
» Speaker’s inference from circumstantial evidence
» Speakerhearer’s assumed evidential based on general knowledge
» Speaker’s source of information is direct speech, quotative
» Speaker’s source of information is “hearsay”
» roo uko- Intransitive clause
» Possessive copular clause Descriptive copular clause Locational copular clause
» Evidentials Judgements Epistemic modality
» Abilitive ‘be able to’ Modal verb ‘attempt to’
» Abilitive ‘know how’ Modal attitude verbs
» Modal verb ‘want todesire to’
» Aspectual verbs marking inception
» Aspectual verb marking initiation Aspectual verb marking completion
» Clauses which have lexically empty verb heads and no nominal argument Verb nominalizers
» Prenominal relative clause with external head
» Headless relative clause Relative clauses
» Internally headed relative clause Non-restrictive relative clause
» Subject relative clause in finite position Object relative clause in finite position
» Correlative clauses Relative clauses
» Simple question Alternative questions affirmative–affirmative
» Alternative questions affirmative–negated Content questions
» Tag questions Interrogative clausesentence
» Punctiliar imperative Honorific imperative
» Speaker centered imperative Imperatives
» Honorific precative Hortative Emphatic hortative
» Non-proximate non-immediative imperative sillcdd 34.
» Pronouncing a curse or a blessing
» Subordinate purpose clause Adverbial clauses
» Subordinate conditional clause Adverbial clauses
» Subordinate concessive clause Adverbial clauses
» Subordinate substitutive clause Subordinate simultaneous clause
» Subordinate reason clause marked by t
» Subordinate reason clause marked by NMLZ -pa and DAT case
» Subordinate temporal end point Subordinate temporal onset point
» Subordinate additive clause Adverbial clauses
» Non-final temporal sequence Serial verb constructions
» Non-final means–result relation Non-final manner relation
» Completive aspect in serial chaining
» Benefactive construction Serial verb constructions
» Serial chaining and imperative finite verb Negation with shared subject
» Complementizer =tu Complement clauses
» Complementizer -ri Complement clauses
» Complementizer -lu Complementizer - Complement clauses
» Complementizer -le Complementizer -ro
» Complementizer -t Complement clauses
» Complementizer -ken Complement clauses
» Complementizer -pa with PCU matrix verbs
» Complementizer -pa with the matrix verb nø Double embedding complementations
» ‘Therefore’ relator ‘If that is the case’ sentence relator
» ‘Nevertheless, however, despite’ relators ‘Both and’ paratactic relator
» Exception sentence relator ma di
» Exception sentence relator Sentence relators
» ‘Tail-head’ sentence relator Groundsreason sentence relator
» Contrastive relation in paired clauses
» Exception contrast Co-ranking structures
» Elaboration, paraphrase, amplification, exemplification, and frustration
» DM marking a non-finite clause
» DM marking a NP and other syntactic units
» hassøt marking a prominent participant in a narrative
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