Epistemic adverbs Adverbs of intensity

9.4 Reversed conditional and emphatic adverbs

I just mention a couple of adverbs here. One marks reversed conditional and the other, emphatic adverbs, modify the following verb. There is more about ɕen and tɕhuwak in section 18.12 on sentence relators. Table 9.9. Reversed conditional and emphatic adverbs ɕen ‘reversed conditional marker: otherwise, lest’ t ɕhuwak ‘only, merely’ ɕiitaa ‘exclusive only’ The following examples illustrate these adverbs. 9.32 u-ni hassøt luŋpa-la tuwa noŋ-ken bet. that-ABL VIP area-DAT food get-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ɕen hatɕa-raŋ-ki luŋpa-la tɕhaa mat-ne-pa-la otherwise 1PL.INCL-self-GEN area-DAT manure NEG-obtain-NMLZ;Q-DAT tøntok juŋ-kuk=ka bak ni. TE46 harvest come-PROG;VIS=Q CFP DM ‘It is only then that our area gets food. Or did you think contrary to fact that we would reap a harvest without using manure in our fields?’ 9.33 tuwa ɕiitaa bin. cooked.rice only give IMP ‘Give me only cooked rice’ This entails that there is no gravy or meat with cooked rice or millet. The adverb modifies the following verb. 9.34 ni jari t ɕhoko thaŋ phumu roo-raŋ-so ɕiitaa some man and woman 3SG-self-PL1 only dzom-na hi-ntuk- raŋ døk-ken juŋ-ken bet TE65 get.together-NFNT1 this-ADVZR=FOC live-NMLZ;CONJ come-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Some men and women on their own join and start living together.’ This is from a story telling various marriage customs of Lhomis. Two young persons fall in love and they get together without anybodys help, not even parents are involved. The adverb ɕiitaa modifies the following verb.

9.5 Epistemic adverbs

David Watters 2002:146 comments, “Some adverbs deal with the epistemic reality of events. They answer questions about an event’s level of certainty or necessity, and if the event did not occur, they answer questions about the margin of possibility by which it failed to occur.” Lhomi has a highly developed system of evidentiality which is marked in verbs and therefore there are not many adverbs in this sub-class see about evidentiality in chapter 14. Consider the following few adverbs. Table 9.10. Epistemic adverbs phitt ɕa ‘once again’ jaŋ ‘again, once more’ ɕʏli ‘at all’ Example 9.35 illustrates the last adverb in the list. This adverb modifies only negated VPs. 9.35 u-ki mi u- ko ŋ-e ɕʏli ŋuu mit-ɕii-pet. that-GEN man that-head 1SG-ERG at.all face NEG-know-INCH ‘I personally do not know that man at all.’ 9.36 t ɕhuŋ-na hi-ko phittɕa tɕik happen-NFNT1 this-head once.again one toŋ-tɕe-ma duk sik-ken bet. TE49 send;VBZR-SBJV-F2 EXIST.VIS say-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘The shaman says, “If possible, you should do this once again.”’ The healer is at work and the first attempt to appease the evil god has failed.

9.6 Adverbs of intensity

Just like in Kham Watters 2002:146 Lhomi also has a small class of adverbs that indicate the levels of intensity for events or for attributes. The first two in the list below are sentential adverbs. They modify an event which has taken place in the previous sentence. The following is the list of some such adverbs in Lhomi and examples follow. Table 9.11. Adverbs of intensity tshan ‘even more’ a Nepali loan sumpa’sumpu ‘even more so, even better, even worse, even more often’ ŋøn ‘very, truly’ 9.37 ŋøn thaŋpuu... very beginning ‘In the very beginning...’ 9.38 mat- ʈhak-pa tshan dʑe-na juŋ-a bet. NEG-become.healed-NMLZ;Q even.more increase-NFNT1 come-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘He did not become healed but got even worse.’ Speaker tells about the work of shamans when they try to heal sick people. 9 .39 haŋpak-ki doŋ lok-na sumpa boar-ERG face turn.around-NFNT1 even.more ki jari set toŋ-ken bet. TE50 dog some kill IMMED-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Even worse, if the boar turns around it sometimes kills the dog.’ Speaker tells how to hunt wild boars. Hunting dogs are not able to harm the boars but the boar sometimes kills a dog. 10 Minor word classes

10.1 Clitics