Subordinate reason clause marked by NMLZ -pa and DAT case

18.9.10 Subordinate negated reason clause marked by NMLZ -pa, genitive case and t

ɕhittu This highlighted reason clause is always negated and nominalized by NMLZ;Q -pa. Though the construction looks like a relative clause it is actually a NP complement marked in genitive case. The noun t ɕhittu is added to be the head of the NP. This construction puts more focus on the reason clause than any other construction in this section but it is somewhat archaic, rarely used, and occurs only in negated reason clauses. 18.140 u-ko mat- juŋ-e tɕhittu ŋ-e hi-ko tɕhi-pen. that-head NEG-come-NMLZ;Q-GEN reason 1SG-ERG this-head do;VBZR-1PST ‘Because he did not come I did this.’ 18.141 pajisak mip-p-e t ɕhittu ŋ-e sa tɕik tsoŋ-en. money NEG.EXIST-NMLZ;Q-GEN reason 1SG-ERG field INDF sell-1PST ‘Because I had no money I sold a field.’ Or: ‘I sold this field because I had no money.’ 18 .142 ŋuu mit-ɕii-p-e tɕhittu roo-ki u-ntuk tɕhi-pa bet. face NEG-know-NMLZ;Q-GEN reason 3SG-ERG that-ADVZR do;VBZR-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘Because he does not know you, he said that way.’

18.9.11 Subordinate reason clause marked by NMLZ -pa and DAT case

This is another way a non-finite clause may be marked for reason which has resulted from a previous action or an event. Everything that follows the reason clause is the consequence which may consist of one or more clauses. 18.143 u-ntuk t ɕhi-na suŋ mat-tshuu-pa-la that-ADVZR do-NFNT1 arrest NEG-be.able-NMLZ;Q-DAT tiŋ-laa tiŋ-laa ak nuk tɕhi-na after-ADVZR after-ADVZR INCLN that.way do-NFNT1 lemma ŋii sum u-ntuk tɕhi-na suŋ=tu phin-ni time two three that-ADVZR do-NFNT1 arrest=PURP go.come[PST]-NFNT2 u-ni ik suŋ mat-tshuu-pa bet piipu-waa khajet. TE34 that-ABL INCLN arrest NEG-be.able-NMLZ;Q AUX Piipu-HUM2 plural ‘SinceAs they were not able to arrest the people of Piipu in that way, the police went later two or three times to arrest them, but were never able to arrest.’ 18.144 g ʏnnaa-la soŋ-ni ni mi su uk mip-pa-la winter.migration-DAT go-NFNT2 DM man who INCLN NEG.EXIST-NMLZ;Q-DAT gomp-e lama d ʑaap-ʏ sir-ku di tor-nar-a bet TE31 gomba-GEN lama d ʑaabu-GEN gold-idol DEF become.lost-COMPL-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘Since all people had migrated south, while there was no one in the village, the golden idol of Gomba’s Lama Jyaabu got lost.’ This is the setting for the whole narrative. The idol got lost while there was no one in the village. This is simultaneous relation with causal overlay. 18.145 jamp- ʏ dʑaap-ʏ tɕha mat-ɕak-pa-la Kathmandu-GEN king-ERG faith NEG-put-NMLZ;Q-DAT miki-tu taala hok- ɕuk-tu ɕak-ni down.there-LOC storey under-enter-LOC put-NFNT2 riŋtak ɖaa-na taŋ-a bet lo. TE18 thread tie.up-NFNT1 send;VBZR-NMLZ;Q AUX DISCL ‘Since the king of Kathmandu did not trust the lama, he put up the lama in the basement floor and tied a thread to him.’ This example comes from a story in which the king puts a lama to a test to find out if he really has the abilities he claims to have. This is the first test. 18.146 ni t ɕhøtnø di-ki khaŋ jøp-pa khajet kurik tɕhi tshar-ni shaman DEF-ERG whatever EXIST-.45NMLZ;Q plur all do;VBZR fall.off-NFNT2 joŋ khanʈa ak ha mat-khoo-wa-la roo-raŋ-ki other what INCLN aud.impact NEG-hear;understand-NMLZ;Q-DAT 3SG-self-GEN ʈheŋa di pik-na mo top-ken bet. TE49 rosary DEF pick.up-NFNT1 divination strike-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Having finished everything that there is to do, the shaman still does not understand and therefore he picks his rosary and divinates.’ In this example the shaman has failed and he does not really know what to do next. The consequence is that he picks his rosary and divinates.

18.9.12 Subordinate temporal end point