Specific time Adverbs of time

Speaker is describing the ways of shamanistic healers in the village. The underlined NP is a nominalized manner clause which is the complement of the head NP tin thaŋ ɕaapa.

9.1.5 More generic manner adverbs

Table 9.3 and the examples that follow illustrate additional generic manner adverbs. Table 9.3. Generic manner adverbs ɕuŋtɕoŋ ‘right away, directly, non-stop’ lamsaŋ ‘non-stop, without stopping’ 9.14 ni u-ko ka t ɕik lam ɕuu-na ʈap-soŋ-na that-head order one path enter-NFNT1 go.away-PST.VIS-NFNT1 ɕuŋtɕoŋ ʈap ɖo-ken bet. TE32 directly go.away go-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘If it gets going and has left, it walks away non-stop.’ Or: ‘Once it has left it goes non- stop.’ Speaker tells about yaks and how they may leave the fold and run away. The adverb modifies the finite verb, walking away without stopping. Note that the nonfinite conditional clause is marked for past tense but the finite clause is nonpast. The explanation is that the state described in the finite clause is true only if the event of the conditional clause has materialized. 9.15 u-ki kett ɕa u-ko ŋit-la ɕuŋtɕoŋ that-GEN story that-head 2PL.EXCL-DAT directly ɕøt-ro tɕhi. speak-AID do;VBZR[IMP] ‘Please do tell us that story without hiding anything’ For more about manner clauses see section 18.10.3.

9.2 Adverbs of time

Adverbs of time characterize entire events. In this section I follow closely what David Watters describes about Kham adverbs 2002:144. Time adverbs of Lhomi can be divided into two sets: those that refer to specific time e.g. day after tomorrow and those that refer to relative time e.g. recently, a few weeks ago.

9.2.1 Specific time

The following adverbs refer to specific time and do not typically combine with any case markers except genitive. Table 9.4. Specific time adverbs Days hariŋ ‘today’ daŋ ‘yesterday’ khennup ‘day before yesterday’ phaanup ‘two days before yesterday’ nempet ‘tomorrow’ naaŋ ‘day after tomorrow’ ɕii ‘two days after tomorrow, three days hence’ g ʏ ‘three days after tomorrow, four days hence’ t ɕʏ ‘four days after tomorrow, five days hence’ m ʏ ‘five days after tomorrow, six days hence’ Years halo ‘this year’ naniŋ ‘last year’ ɕiniŋ ‘two years ago, year before last’ guniŋ ‘three years ago, two years before last’ saŋpøt ‘next year’ naŋpøt ‘year after next’ ɕipøt ‘two years after next’ g ʏpøt ‘three years after next’ t ɕʏpøt ‘four years after next’ Obviously the term ɕii ‘three days hence’ comes from ɕi, the numeral ‘four’. When Lhomis count the days ahead they include the current day in counting. I have not been able to figure out what the etymologies of the other adverbs in this list are. The following examples illustate the use of these specific-time adverbs. 9.16 saŋpøt ha-tsøt ŋa juŋ-ken. next.year now-amount 1SG come-NMLZ;CONJ ‘Next year I will come about this time.’ 9.17 kett ɕa khaa-paa tɕik di saŋp-ʏ ama message become.tired-COMP2 one DEF sangpu-GEN mother naniŋ ha-tsøt jampu-tu ɕi-na khur-a bet. TE73 last.year now-amount Kathmandu-LOC die-NFNT1 carry-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘As for a piece of bad news, last year at about this time the mother of Sangbu died in Kathmandu.’ Table 9.5 list some other adverbs that refer to a specific time. Table 9.5. Other adverbs that refer to a specific time thortɕaa ‘early in the morning when one can already see a bit’ nam samarok simarok ‘early morning when it is still dark’ ŋime khuŋ ‘at midday’ goŋtɕo ‘in late afternoon just before sunset’ hariŋ goŋmu ‘today at sunset time’ nam røtsøtla ‘at sunset time when it is getting dark’ rapa ripi ‘at sunset when one can still see a bit’ tsheŋki khuŋ ‘middle of the night’ hariŋ ŋimmu ‘in this afternoon’ hariŋ tshemmu ‘today at night’ hariŋ ŋeʈʈo ‘today in the morning’ Some words in the list above are grammatically nouns, NPs, and PPs, but lexically they can be used as temporal adverbs to refer to a specific time. Consider the following two examples. 9.18 u-ni goŋtɕo makpa ŋø-ki ŋinjaa tsheŋkor that-ABL late.afternoon son-in-law side-GEN relatives … khajet di … TE52 plural DEF ‘Then in late afternoon all relatives of the son-in-law...’ They have finished eating together and late afternoon refers to the same day. 9.19 t ɕik ŋeʈʈo thaŋ tɕik goŋtɕo nam one in.morning and one in.the evening darkness rø-tsøt-la set-na puu go-ken bet. become-amount-DAT kill-NFNT1 offer have.to-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘You have to slaughter and offer one in the morning and another in the evening at sunset.’

9.2.2 Relative time