Subordinate reason clause marked by NMLZ -pa and INS case Subordinate negated reason clause marked by NMLZ -pa, genitive case and t

This example is about a domestic animal called dzo, a crossbreed of yak and cow. It is a good animal because it adjusts both to lowlands and highlands. 18.136 mi kurik-ki dikpa t ɕhi-ni kurik-la dikpa jøk-ken man all-ERG sin do;VBZR-NFNT2 all-DAT sins EXIST-NMLZ;CONJ t ɕhi-ni juu-kaŋ-tu mi ɕi-na kha-ni mit-tɕaŋ do;VBZR-NFNT2 village-house-LOC man die-NFNT1 where-ABL NEG.EXIST-NFNT3 lama ʈhik-ken bet. TE51 lama fetch-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Because all men have committed sins, all men have sins, therefore if a man dies in the village they fetch a lama wherever he is.’ Lit. ‘from wherever he is not.’ The story describes the lamaism in Lhomi area. It is extremely important to have a lama to perform the post-mortem rites.

18.9.9 Subordinate reason clause marked by NMLZ -pa and INS case

When the subordinate clause is nominalized by - pa-ja-a object nominalizer and the NPCL is in instrumental case, it highlights the reason clause. Consider the following. 18.137 ama di phitsa- la ŋiŋ tsha-j-e ni mother DEF child-DAT heart feel.hot-NMLZ;Q-INS DM ama di ɕi gø ɕar-a bet. TE21 mother DEF die have.to start-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘It was because the mother felt compassion towards the child, that she had to die.’ Or: ‘Mother had to die because she had been compassionate towards the child.’ Mother goat is the hero and this statement brings that out. Feeling compassion is an unvolitional ST1 verb with a nominal predicate ŋiŋ. This verb is nominalized and instrumental case marker added. Ergative, instrumental, and genitive case markers are homophoneous in Lhomi but it seems appropriate to choose the instrumental case here. 18 .138 ŋa ni too-p-e ɕi-jet. TE23 1SG DM become.hungry-NMLZ;Q-INS die-INCH ‘As for me, I am about to die, because I am so hungry.’ Subordinate reason clause further highlighted by exclusive ‘only’. 18.139 t ɕik-le tɕik dʑim-paa tɕik-le tɕik tɕhi-jaa one-COMP.BASIS one smart-COMP2 one-COMP.BASIS one great-COMP2 thøn-t ɕe nø-p-e sim di mentaa mip-p-e turn.out-SBJV think-NMLZ;Q-GEN mind DEF only NEG.EXIST-NMLZ;Q-INS khit khajet kha-ntuk t ɕhi-na 2PL plural what-ADVZR do;VBZR-NFNT1 t ɕhi-jaa-la thøŋ-ken? TE46 great-COMP2-DAT turn.out-NMLZ;CONJ.Q ‘How do you all ever become really succesful because you only have the inner desire to become smarter than the other person among you?’

18.9.10 Subordinate negated reason clause marked by NMLZ -pa, genitive case and t

ɕhittu This highlighted reason clause is always negated and nominalized by NMLZ;Q -pa. Though the construction looks like a relative clause it is actually a NP complement marked in genitive case. The noun t ɕhittu is added to be the head of the NP. This construction puts more focus on the reason clause than any other construction in this section but it is somewhat archaic, rarely used, and occurs only in negated reason clauses. 18.140 u-ko mat- juŋ-e tɕhittu ŋ-e hi-ko tɕhi-pen. that-head NEG-come-NMLZ;Q-GEN reason 1SG-ERG this-head do;VBZR-1PST ‘Because he did not come I did this.’ 18.141 pajisak mip-p-e t ɕhittu ŋ-e sa tɕik tsoŋ-en. money NEG.EXIST-NMLZ;Q-GEN reason 1SG-ERG field INDF sell-1PST ‘Because I had no money I sold a field.’ Or: ‘I sold this field because I had no money.’ 18 .142 ŋuu mit-ɕii-p-e tɕhittu roo-ki u-ntuk tɕhi-pa bet. face NEG-know-NMLZ;Q-GEN reason 3SG-ERG that-ADVZR do;VBZR-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘Because he does not know you, he said that way.’

18.9.11 Subordinate reason clause marked by NMLZ -pa and DAT case