Complementizer -t Complement clauses

18 .214 ni joŋma sompu khajet di tshemmu dit-na other alive plural DEF night chase-NFNT1 te-na [ ɕʏli ɖo-ro] tɕhi-moŋ si-kuk. TE60 look.after-NFNT1 at.all go-AID do;VBZR-NEG.PST.EXP say-PROG;VIS ‘He says, “At night in the darkness I chased and looked after the others, those that were alive but they did not go with me at all.” A sheep shepherd is telling about his work. The whole flock had dispersed into darkness and he tried to get the others together and in a safe place but they did not co-operate at all.

18.11.7 Complementizer -t

ɕe with the matrix verb dʑor The matrix verb is d ʑor ‘to obtain, be available’. • Only T1 verbs qualify for the complement-clause verbs. • The complement-clause verb is nominalized by -t ɕe SBJV which elsewhere typically marks subjunctive. • The absolutive marked subject is shared by both clauses and the rest of the complement clause is the object of the main clause. • The main clause may be negated or used in interrogative, and it may occur in past or nonpast tense. The following examples illustrate how this complementizer works with the matrix verb d ʑor the complement clause is in brackets. 18.215 sa-ma u-tu [no-t ɕe] dʑor-ken bet. eat-F2 that-LOC buy-SBJV be.available-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Food is there available for buying.’ 18.216 tuwa sas-sa-la [tuwa sa-t ɕe] dʑor-kuk=ka? food eat-ground-DAT food eat-SBJV be.available-PROG;VIS=Q ‘Is cooked rice available for eating in the restaurant?’ Or: ‘Is food available in the restaurant?’ Complementizer -tɕe with the matrix verb noŋ The matrix verb noŋ means ‘to have an opportunity, to get a chance’. There is more about this verb in 16.2.6. The verb noŋ is more widely used than dʑor. • The tense of the main clause BT type is past or nonpast. • The matrix verb noŋ combines with most verbs except existential copulas and equative copulas. • Nonpast root of the complement-clause verb is nominalized by -t ɕe SBJV. • Case markings of the subject of the complement clause are governed by the complement-clause verb. • The rest of the nominalized complement clause is the object of the main clause. Consider the following examples the complement clause is in brackets. 18.217 u-ni hassøt hat ɕa-raŋ-la [ tɕhaa that-ABL VIP 1PL.INCL-self-DAT manure nø-t ɕe ] noŋ-ken bet. TE46 obtain-SBJV get.opportunity-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘It is then that we all will have a chance to get manure.’ Speaker is a village leader who attempts to get villagers to cooperate with him for a common goal, to build a bridge. It is only then that the flocks of sheep can come and fertilize their fields. 18.218 kurik-la [gempu karm-e kett ɕa nen-tɕe ] all-DAT headman Karma-GEN speech listen-SBJV noŋ-a bet. get.opportunity-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘All got a chance to listen to the village leader Karma’s speech.’

18.11.8 Complementizer -ken