10.55 wa ɕok=te ta.
MIR come[IMP]=EMPH EMPHP ‘Do come here and you will be surprised’
Speaker is telling the hearer to come and discover something unusual. The particle wa may be permuted to the end but it still would modify the whole command.
4 Preceding questions The unexpected information is surprising to the speaker, but not to hearers in the next example:
10.56 wa khis-so ok ɖo-køp=pak?
MIR 2PL-PL1 INCLN go-PROG;EXP=Q ‘What a surpise, are you also going?’
Speaker sees that his friends also are getting ready to go. What he sees is unexpected to him and he requests for confirmation with this genuine question.
10.2.6 Determination particle
The particle t ɕhe DETERM occurs at the beginning of a statement or an argument. It modifies the whole
argument that follows. Speaker signals that he has solved his problem or dilemma or has made up his mind and is determined to argue his point or to act. The following examples illustrate this.
10.57 hi- ni jaŋ oŋpu tɕem-ma di-ki
this-ABL CONTR2 health with-F2 DEF-ERG t
ɕhe ŋa oŋp-ʏ=raŋ kherak-ki ʈhik toŋ-ken DETERM 1SG health-INS=FOC force-INS fetch IMMED-NMLZ;CONJ
t ɕhi-pa bet. TE16
do;VBZR-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘Then the one who was strong said, “Sure, I just use my strength and take her
forcefully.”’
10.58 ni mi jari- ki jaŋ tɕhe kho-p-e lha u-ko
man some-ERG CONTR2 DETERM 3PL-PL2-GEN god that-head ga
ɕ-ɕo ta mem-pet. TE54 be.happy-SUP EMPHP NEG-COP
‘On the other hand some say, “I am convinced that their god certainly is not very good.”’
10.59 ni gomp- ʏ lempu-la tɕhe gotta-la ta pentok
gombu-ERG response-DAT DETERM 3SG-DAT EMPHP coin hek
ɕor-a tɕik ik mit-tsuk gotta-la tsuk-pa-le split become-NMLZ;Q one INCLN NEG-plant 3SG-DAT plant-NMLZ;Q-COMP.BASIS
ta boora maa-ni mal-la khokkaa khe-paa t ɕik-la
EMPHP rather down.there-ABL there-DAT Nepali skill-COMP2 INDF-DAT bin-na pha
ɕɕa-la tøn toŋ-ken sik-ken bet. TE55 give-NFNT1 anger-DAT reveal IMMED-NMLZ;CONJ say-NMLZ;CONJ AUX
‘Gombu responds saying, “I am determined not to give even a split one pice coin to him. I rather give it to a skilled Nepali man from down south and make my opponent
angry.”’
This is from a text that describes a village court case and failed attempt to reconcile two parties.
10.2.7 Speaker’s corrective particle
Speaker’s corrective particle de ek SCP occurs as the last element of the finite verbal phrase.
Speaker corrects someone’s claim or idea about an event, activity, or state of affairs with his own superior information. Speaker indicates his superior information also by using evidential markers. Either
the hearer has stated his claim or speaker knows it otherwise. Naturally this particle may not occur in questions. The English meaning typically is ‘I know it better’, ‘as a matter of fact’, ‘the fact is that’, ‘I
correct you’, ‘contrary to your wrong claim’ or ‘contrary to your thinking’. This particle is not used for the sake of argumentation but about factual knowledge. Speaker simply knows it better. The following
examples illustrate this.
10.60 roo hentaa hi-tu lit-t ɕuŋ de ek.
3SG today this-LOC come-PST.EXP SCP ‘The fact is that he did come here today.’
Speaker corrects someone’s claim that a certain person had not shown up. The hearer has not seen the person and therefore thinks and claims that the third person did not come. The speaker has seen him
direct experience, not just sensory observation coming and corrects the previous speaker. 10.61
ɕi mat-rem-pa-la ɕi-soŋ de ek. TE47 die[NPST] NEG-be.time.to-NMLZ;Q-DAT die-PST.VIS SCP
‘It is a fact that they died prematurely.’ Speaker corrects the recipients of his letter about the death of his own parents. Speaker assumes
that his uncles, the recipients of the letter, are thinking contrary to this fact and he corrects them. 10.62 gotta saar-
la soŋ jøʈ-ʈo. 3SG town-DAT go[PST] EXIST-PROB
‘Perhaps he has gone to town.’ 10.63 saar-la mat-phim-pa
town-DAT NEG-go.come-NMLZ;Q ŋ-e khim-la lit-tɕuŋ de ek.
1SG-GEN house-DAT come-PST.EXP SCP ‘Contrary to your claim he did not go to town but came to my house.’
The first speaker expresses his claim first in 10.62. Then the second speaker corrects it in 10.63 with his more truthful information which is indicated by the direct experience marker -t
ɕuŋ. 10.64
ŋ-e ha khoo-tɕuŋ de ek. 1SG-ERG aud.impact hear;understand-PST.EXP SCP
‘Contrary to what you seem to be thinking I did understand it.’ Hearer had earlier expressed his doubt whether the current speaker had really grasped his earlier
message. Then the current speaker responds with this corrective claim. 10.65 su uk gottsek-la
kaŋpa mit-dʑak-p-e who INCLN door.way-DAT foot NEG-VBZR-NMLZ;Q-INS
ŋ-e hi-ko ta ʈhii-pen de ek. TE47 1SG-ERG this-head EMPHP write-1PST SCP
‘None of you is helping the grandma, therefore to correct your attitude I wrote this letter.’
This is from a closing statement of a letter which seeks to convince the uncles to give a helping hand to weak grandma. Writer is in Kathmandu and the uncles are in the village.
10.2.8 Speaker’s rectifying particle
