Expressive manner adverbs Manner clauses modifying the finite verb

This is from a story that tells about raising sheep. Sheep are so stupid that they follow the one which goes ahead and jumps into a ravine. 9.3 u-ni hi-ntuk t ɕhuŋ-a bet. that-ABL this-ADVZR happen-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘Then it happened in this way.’ 9.4 hi-ni t ɕhøtnø di-ki neppa di-ki lakpa-ni suŋ-na this-ABL rel.practitioner DEF-ERG sick.man DEF-GEN hand-ABL take.hold-NFNT1 hi-ntuk sin- na ŋøɕ-ɕi ɕøk-ken bet. TE49 this-ADVZR say-NFNT1 truly-know speak-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Then the religious healer takes hold of the sick man’s hand and foretells, saying in this way.’ Speaker is describing how a village healer treats his patient. The underlined word is a typical manner adverb that has cataphoric reference to a quotation which follows. 9.5 u-ntuk hin-na that-ADVZR COP.EXP-NFNT1 raŋ tɕhøttsen khajet khur-la dʑuk. TE18 2SG rel.things plural carry-DAT go[IMP] ‘If it is that way, take all religious things with you and get out’ Or: ‘In that case...’ The manner adverb modifies the equative copular verb. 9.6 hi- ni tiŋ-laa khalʏla roo-raŋ ʈhak ɖo-ken bet. TE49 this-ABL after-ADVZR slowly 3SG-self be.healed go-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Then afterwards he himself slowly becomes healed.’

9.1.2 Expressive manner adverbs

Lhomi has some manner adverbs that express the manner of how the verbal action or event was brought about or what the results were. The use of these adverbs which often come in pairs is very specific and each collocates with only a few verbs. Sunwar [suz] notably has a lot of them oral communication from Marlene Schulze but Lhomi does not have all that many. Grammatically these expressives are part of the VP. I have used EXPR as a grammatical tag for all of them. Table 9.2 gives a list of some of these expressives with a verb which it modifies. Table 9.2. Expressive manner adverbs pitɕik pitɕik duŋ ‘to beat down on ground like a hail storm does’ buruk koruk t ɕok ‘to chop off completely like trees in a storm’ tshuk tshuk t ɕhit ‘to show hesitance or inability to decide’ tɕop hek ‘to burn something completely’ hop nø ‘to think quickly without reasoning’ khop ɖii ‘to fall accidentally down flat on ground’ 9 .7 tøntok ŋotsi kotsi khajet pitɕik pitɕik duŋ harvest green vegetable plural down down beat[PST] doŋpu khajet buruk koruk tɕak tɕhi taŋ-a pet. tree plural totally chop[PST] do;VBZR IMMED-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘It beat completely down to the ground all grain and vegetables, it chopped up all trees.’ This is what a storm did to vegetables and trees. 9.8 khit- raŋ hop nø-p-e ʈhim mat-tɕøt. 2PL-self EXPR think-NMLZ;Q-GEN law NEG-cut[IMP] ‘Do not judge without thinking Or: Do not pass thoughtless judgment’ Lit: ‘Do not pass judgement of quick thinking’

9.1.3 Manner clauses modifying the finite verb

9 .9 jaŋ hi-ntuk tɕhi-na laŋkak-la dit-na keri CONTR2 this-ADVZR do;VBZR-NFNT1 trail-DAT chase-NFNT1 leader.sheep mit-na ɕʏli mit-ɖo-ken bet. TE30 NEG.EXIST-NFNT1 at.all NEG-go-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Actually if the shepherd leads his sheep on trail in this way and he has no leader sheep, the fold will not move at all.’ Lit. ‘...in this way doing...’ Speaker tells about the work of a sheep shepherd. 9.10 u-ntuk t ɕhi-na mentaa that-ADVZR do;VBZR-NFNT1 only luk so mit-tshuu-ken bet. TE30 sheep raise NEG-be.able-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Unless the shepherd does it in that way, he will not be able to raise the sheep.’ 9 .11 ŋa lhø tɕhi-na juŋ-en. 1SG easily do;VBZR-NFNT1 come-1PST ‘I came walking slowly.’ The adverb signals the manner of walking, slowly without any hurry.

9.1.4 Nominalized manner clauses as complements of a noun or NP