Rebu ngerana langsung “ Rebu of talking directly”

TL. Before the marriage, the man was their bere-bere, after their daughters marriage took place, then the man was not only their bere- bere but also as a kela son in law. Ope lenga erdemu bayu, anak perana e eme bere-bere , enggo kenca jumpa bere-bere e ras impalna lanai saja ia bere-bere tapi pe enggo kela. adverbial group as theme Rheme marked topical theme Before the marriage, the man was their bere-bere, after their daughters marriage took place, then the man was not only their bere- bere but also as a kela son in law. adverbial group as theme Rheme marked topical theme Ope lenga erdemu bayu is adverbial group as marked theme and it was translated literally to be before the marriage . There has been the kindship Karonese terms between uncle and Ego. Ego is the uncle’s sister’s son and it is called bere-bere in SL when it was translated into TL it was n ephew sister’s son.

1. Rebu ngerana langsung “ Rebu of talking directly”

Rebu is subject as theme in the SL and followed by verbal group. After process of translating there is the change in the TL. Rebu is subject as theme and followed by prepositional phrase, talking directly. 33.SL Bagi semalna ibas adat Karo rebu adi mami ngerana ras kela tahpe Balikna. TL As usual in adat Karo it is rebu , if mami talks directly to her kela and both directions . Bagi semalna ibas adat Karo rebu adi mami ngerana ras kela tahpe balikna modal adjunct Rheme interpersonal theme As usual in adat Karo it is rebu, if mami talks directly to her kela and both directions . modal adjunct Rheme interpersonal theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Bagi semalna is modal adjunct followed by independent clause ibas adat Karo rebu is independent clause as theme in SL and as usual as modal adjunct followed by independent clause in adat Karo it is rebu in TL. The interpersonal theme in SL was translated by the couplets procedure, they are literally and descriptive equivalence. 34.SL. Alu kata sideban mami ras kela pantang ras ngerana, bagi sekalak anak ras nandena. TL. In other words mami and kela are avoidance to speak directly , such have dialogue as a mother does to her son. Alu kata sideban mami ras kela pantang ras ngerana, bagi sekalak anak ras nandena. prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme In other words mami and kela are avoidance to speak directly , such have dialogue as a mother does to her son. prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme Alu kata sideban is marked theme in prepositional phrase and its translation is in other words as marked theme in TL. Both the themes are at the first position of the clause. It is translated literally. 35.SL. Perbahan la banci ngerana pedempak ayo, harus lit kalak sideban jadi kelang- kelang. TL. Because they can not talk directly, they must use the third person as an intermediary. Perbahan la banci ngerana pedempak ayo , harus lit kalak sideban jadi kelang- kelang. Subordinative Clause as theme Rheme textual theme. Because they can not talk directly they must use the third person as an intermediary. Subordinative Clause as theme Rheme textual theme Universitas Sumatera Utara The literal translation of the textual theme is because they can not talk face to face, but it is better translated with directly and there is additional of subject. The shift occurred in this translation. The subordinative clause as theme in both SL and TL modifies the main clause. In the process of translation there is additional pronoun of they in TL to make the message clearer because the clause usually has a subject in the TL . perbahanen in SL and because in TL are structure element themes as textual theme. 36.SL. Arah kelang-kelang e mami ras kela nehken penungkunen ntah jababna. TL. Through a third person mami and kela convey a message, a question or an answer. Arah kelang-kelang e mami ras kela nehken penungkunen ntah jababna. prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme Through a third person mami and kela convey a message, a question or an answer. prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme The translation process of clause 36 SL into 36 TL was done literally. There are prepositional phrases in these clauses and their positions are at the initial of the clauses, they are as marked theme. 37.SL. Uga carana ia erkomunikasi adi lalit si jadi kelang-kelang janah lit man pesehenken berita si penting. TL. How they communicate if there is a very important thing that must be delivered, and by chance none that can be used as an intermediary. Uga carana ia erkomunikasi adi lalit si jadi kelang- kelang janah lit man pesehenken berita si penting. WH- element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme How they communicate if there is a very important thing that must be delivered, and by chance none that can be used as an intermediary. WH- element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Uga carana is a unmarked Theme in a WH- element, if it is translated literaly , it will be how the ways. In this clause it was translated with how in TL as a unmarked theme in WH- question. How in target language was clear to ask manner in TL means the ways. So the ways was omitted in this clause. Both SL and TL began with question words. 38.SL. Lit dua dalan si banci ibahan. TL. There are two ways that can be done. Lit dua dalan si banci ibahan. Impersonal there as theme Rheme marked topical theme There are two ways that can be done. Impersonal there as theme Rheme marked topical theme Lit in SL and there in TL are pronoun and they are as circumstantial attributive complement as themes. Literal translation procedure was applied. 39.SL. Pemena, kela harus make nina mami. TL. First, kela must use the word nina mami meaning the message of mami Pemena kela harus make nina mami. Cont as theme Rheme textual theme First, kela must use the word nina mami meaning the message of mami Cont as theme Rheme textual theme Pemena is conjunction as textual theme in SL and first is a conjunction as textual theme in TL. It was translated literally. 40.SL. Ras mami ngatakenca nina kela ibas tiap pendungi kalimat. TL. And his mami takes the words nina kela meaning the message of kela in each final sentence that they wish to speak. Ras mami ngatakenca nina kela ibas tiap pendungi kalimat. Cont as theme Rheme textual theme And his mami takes the words nina kela meaning the message of kela in each final sentence Universitas Sumatera Utara that they wish to speak. Cont as theme Rheme textual theme Literal translation procedure was applied. Ras in SL and its translation with and in TL are conjunctive adjunct as textual theme. 41.SL. Alu kata sideban kela harus beloh ngerana ernina mami TL. In other words, kela must be clever to use the words nina mami in speaking to his mami. Alu kata sideban kela harus beloh ngerana ernina mami prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme In other words, kela must be clever to use the words nina mami in speaking to his mami. prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme Literal translation procedure was applied in translating marked theme in SL into TL. .Alu kata sideban in SL and in other words in TL are prepositional phrases as marked theme in both clauses. 42.SL. Bage ka pe mami harus beluh ngerana ernina kela. TL. So does mami, she must be clever to speak nina kela. Bage ka pe mami. harus beluh ngerana ernina kela. modal verb as theme Rheme textual themes So does mami, she must be clever to speak nina kela. modal verb as theme Rheme textual themes Talking by using the words nina kela , they felt that there was no direct communication. The initial theme in the SL clause Bage ka pe mami translated to be So does mami, in the SL theme was followe by modal verb but in the TL theme was followed by pronoun . Both Bage ka pe mami and So does mami are conjunctive adjunct as textual themes. Literal translation procedure was applied in translating textual theme in SL into TL Universitas Sumatera Utara 43.SL. Eak siban sada contoh percakapen antara mami ras kela TL. Well let’s have an example of the dialog between mami and kela Eak siban sada contoh percakapen antara mami ras kela. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Well let’s have an example of the dialog between mami and kela cont as theme Rheme textual theme Eak in SL and Well in TL are continuatives and they are usually at the beginning of the clause. Both of them are used to express to start or to change the topic of dialog. There is no translation of Eak in Karonese language because it doesn’t show the lexical meaning. By saying Eak and Sentabi are conversation opened in SL and they were translated literally with ‘sorry, well, excuse me’ in TL. 44.SL. Kela : Sentabi, nina mami TL. Son in law : Excuse me, nina mami Sentabi , nina mami Modal ajunct Rheme interpersonal themes. Excuse me , nina mami Modal ajunct Rheme interpersonal themes. Literal translation procedure was applied in translating interpersonal theme in SL into TL Sentabi in SL and Excuse me in TL are usually used at the beginning of expression. Sentabi and Excuse me are modal adjuncts as interpersonal themes. 45.SL. Mami : Kai kin ndai , nina Kela? TL. Mother in law : What is going on, nina Kela? Excuse me , nina mami WH-question Rheme unamarked theme Excuse me , nina mami WH-question Rheme unmarked theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Kai and what are the unmarked themes in WH-question of SL and TL, they do not have the same structure. Kin was untranslateable , it is to emphasize the question word in SL. Ndai is adverb of time which preceded by word question kai. In TL there was no question word followed by adverb of time. Both theme have the same meaning but they have different structure rules. 46.SL. Kela : Bagenda , nina mami, adi banci reh kam ku rumah, Nina mami TL. Son in law : Well, nina mami, if it is possible come home soon, nina mami Excuse me , nina mami Continuative Rheme textual theme Excuse me , nina mami Continuative Rheme textual theme Bagenda is continuative in SL as textual theme and it was translated into Well in the TL these relate to the context of speaking that someone was about to continue speaking. Literal translation of Bagenda ‘is like this’ and it doesn’t work to the TL instead it was translated into ‘well’ as to start the speaking. 47.SL. Mami : Kai perluna , nina kela? TL. Mother in law : What for , nina kela? Kai perluna , nina kela? WH-question Rheme unmarked theme What for , nina kela? WH-question Rheme unmarked theme Kai in SL consist of the word question followed by noun as a unmarked theme in a word question, it is translated literally with what .What is a unmarked theme in WH- question. Universitas Sumatera Utara 48.SL. Kela : Anak mami sakit mekelek , nina mami TL. Son in law : Mami ‘s daughter is seriously ill, nina mami Anak mami sakit mekelek , nina mami nominal group as a subject Rheme unmarked theme Mami ‘s daughter is seriously ill, nina mami nominal group as a subject Rheme unmarked theme Anak mami is nominal group as unmarked theme in SL clause and it was translated into Mami ‘s daughter is subject as unmarked theme in TL. Couplers translation procedure was applied in translating unmarked theme in SL into TL 49.SL. Mami : Oe, oe, reh aku metir, nina kela. TL. Mother in law : Well, well, I will come soon, nina kela. Oe, oe, reh aku metir, nina kela. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Well, well, I will come soon, nina kela. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Oe, oe are continuatives in SL and they were translated literally into Well, well in the TL these relate to the context of speaking that someone was about to continue speaking. Oe and well are continuative adjunct as textual theme. 50 .SL. Kela : Eak, nina mami. TL. Son in law : Well, nina mami. Eak, nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Wel l nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Literal translation procedure was applied in translating testual theme in SL into TL. Eak in SL and Well in TL are continuatives as a textual theme and they are usually at the beginning of the clause. Both of them are used to express to Universitas Sumatera Utara start or to change the topic of dialog. There is no translation of Eak in Karonese language because it doesn’t show the lexical meaning. 51.SL. Mami : Ku lebuh guru, nina kela. TL. Mother in law : I will call shaman nina kela. Ku lebuh guru, nina kela. Pronoun as a subject Rheme textual theme I will call shaman nina kela. Pronoun as a subject Rheme textual theme Ku is subject as theme in SL and it was translated into I as theme in TL. Ku has the same meaning as aku but the using of ku shows the offering an action. Ku and I are subjects as pronouns. Couplets translation procedure was applied in translating textual theme in SL into TL 52.SL. Kela : Oe, nina mami. TL. Son in law : All right, nina mami. Oe nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme All right, nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Oe is continuative in SL as textual theme and it was literally translated into all right, in the TL these relate to the context of speaking that someone was about to continue speaking. Both of theme have the same meaning. Oe is the expression of agreeing the opinion or statement. In the area of Kabanjahe district, Simpang Empat District, Berastagi District oe is pronounced ue. 53.SL. Peduaken alu make kai lit deher jadi kelang-kelang tupung ia ngerana. TL. Second by using a thing around them as a mediator while they were having a dialog . Universitas Sumatera Utara Peduaken alu make kai lit deher jadi kelang-kelang tupung ia ngerana cont as theme Rheme textual theme Second y using a thing around them as a mediator while they were having a dialog . cont as theme Rheme textual theme Peduaken is conjunction as textual theme in SL and Second conjunction as textual theme in TL. 54.SL. Umpamana adi je kempuna, e ban jadi kelang-kelang ngerana. TL. For example if there is her grandson, he is used as an intermediary in their conversation. Umpamana yje kempuna. e ban jadi kelang-kelang ngerana. cont as theme Rheme textual theme For example by if there is her grandson, he is used as an intermediary in their conversation. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Both of Umpamana in SL and For example in TL are conjunctive adjuncts as textual themes. 55.SL. Ibas si e arah pudi kalimat harus ibelasken nina kela TL. In this case the end of every sentence that they say must be tagged nina kela, which means you say so son in law Ibas si e arah pudi kalimat harus ibelasken nina kela. preposional phrases Rheme marked theme In this case the end of every sentence that they say must be tagged nina kela, which means you say so son in law. preposional phrases Rheme marked theme Literal translation procedure was applied in translating marked theme in SL into TL. Ibas si e arah pudi kalimat in SL and in this case the end of every sentence that they in TL. Both preposional phrases are as marked themes. Universitas Sumatera Utara In the researcher’s participation observation the using of animate as the medium for their communication is seldom used, instead each uses the word nina : nina mami, nina kela, nina turangku, nina permain or nina bengkila. Here is an example of using tag nindu …. 56.SL. Mami : Kuja nge kam e nina kela? TL. Mother in law : Where are you going ‘say so nina kela? Kuja nge kam e nina kela? WH interrogative Rheme unmarked theme Where are you going ‘say so nina kela? WH interrogative Rheme unmarked theme Kuja nge is WH- element in a WH interrogative as unmarked theme , kuja means where but nge was untranslatable. Nge was to emphasize the question word. Where is the translation of SL theme, it is as unmarked theme in TL. Descriptive equivalence was applied to translated unmarked theme in SL into TL. 57.SL. Kela : Ku sabah teku nina mami TL. Son in law : To rice field nina mami Ku sabah teku nina mami adjunct as themes Rheme marked theme To rice field nina mami adjunct as themes Rheme marked theme Ku was translated literally with To, they are adjunct as themes. Ku has two functions, one as preposition and another one is as noun, ku clause 57 in SL is as preposition. They are as marked themes. 58.SL. Mami : Adi ku sabah kela e ninna kari parikta, nina kela TL. Mother in law : If kela goes to the field, will he please check all of our levees nina kela. Universitas Sumatera Utara Adi ku sabah kela e ninna kari parikta, nina kela Dependend clause Rheme marked theme If kela goes to the field are you going ‘say so’ nina kela Dependend clause Rheme marked theme Literal translation procedure was applied in translating marked theme in SL into TL 59.SL. Mami : Adi sempat kari kela buatken entah empat ah nurung TL. Mother in law : If kela has time, please catch four our gold fish from our field nina kela. Adi sempat kari kela buatken entah empat ah nurung emas bas payanta nina kela. Dependend clause Rheme marked theme If kela has time please catch four our gold fish from our field nina kela. Dependend clause Rheme marked theme There is the shift structure in the process of translating theme in SL into theme in TL. Adi sempat kari kela consists of adi means if and followed by sempat means have time and kari means later. If it was translated literarly it did not work because it does not show the same context and meaning. The themes of SL and TL clauses 58 and 59 are marked and TL clauses 58 and 59 are marked themes in dependent clauses. Ta is the custom of Karonese society to express the togetherness of owness, such as payanta , our ‘pond’, expect the wife or the husband it is not said diberunta means our wife or dilakinta means our husband. Both sentences have dependent clauses as themes. Ku and sempat are marked themes and kela in both clauses are as marked themes. When the Universitas Sumatera Utara sentence is started with subordinate clause, it is as the marked theme and the main clause is as rheme. 60.SL. Kela : Banci ku buat janah kababa kari ku rumah nina mami. TL. Son in law : Well, Ill soon catch them and bring them to our house nina mami. Banci ku buat janah kababa kari ku rumah nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Well , Ill soon catch them and bring them to our house nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Banci in SL was translated literally with Well in TL, they are continueties as textual themes. They are usually used at the beginning of the clause.

2. Rebu si tendengen