First person singular pronouns aku First person plural pronouns kami and kita

f. Indefinite pronouns. g. Reciprocal pronouns.

4.2.1.1 Personal Pronouns

Personal pronoun in Karonese language can be divided into 3 main parts namely : a. First person pronoun b. Second person pronoun c. The third person pronoun Table 4.7. Personal pronouns in Karonese language Personal pronoun 1 st person 2 nd person 3 rd person Singular aku, ku engko, kam ia na Plural kami kita Kena kalak ah kalak e All the above mentioned pronouns could be the examples of the pronouns of : bapa,’ nande, kaka, abang, agi, bibi, bengkila, nini, mama, mami, bapa tua, nande tua, bapa tengah, nande tengah, bapa nguda, nande nguda etc. 1 First Person Pronoun

a. First person singular pronouns aku

The pronoun of aku I is used in Karonese language to substitute oneself when talk to both young and old people. In daily communication the word aku is usually used , for examples : Examples of First Personal Singular Pronouns in Karonese Language Universitas Sumatera Utara Karonese language English Aku lawes ku tiga I go to market Aku la bo man timan pagi ku kerja I won’t be necessary waited for anak Pa Tongong ah ndai to present Pa Togong son’s wedding ceremony Aku ku Medan pagi I will go to Medan tomorrow

b. First person plural pronouns kami and kita

The use of the personal pronoun of kami and kita ‘we’ are often confused when people compared with other languages in the world, in this case here Karonese language simpler and easier to understand for those who are interested in Karonese language. The personal plural pronoun kami in Karonese language is used if the speaker himself included in his friends and his interlocutors are not included with them, while the personal plural pronoun kita ‘we’ used when the speakers interlocutors are included into their environment. The pronoun kita ‘we’ found in the following examples : Karonese language English Aku ras kam I with you Kami ras kam we with you Aku ras kena I with you The examples of using kami, kita Universitas Sumatera Utara Karonese language English Wari enggo ben eta kita mulih ku rumah It was afternoon, lets go home Uga carana gelah banci kita jumpa How can we meet with your ras abangndu? brother? The examples of using pronoun kami ‘we’ : Karonese language English Kami kerina meriah ukur kami We feel happy we see you in here jumpa ras kam jenda. Juma kami isewaken tahun enda. Our farm is rented out this year Kepala desa kami enggo ganti genduari. Our village chief has been changed now 2 The second person pronouns : engko and kam ‘you’ The use of engko ‘you’ impolite in Karonese language is very rough in the talks, much less spoken to people who are older than speaker and is considered to have violated the customs of Karo. Instead used pronoun kam you polite. The pronoun engko you in Karo only be spoken if the addressee is younger than the addresser. The pronoun engko can be used as follow: a. Parent to their children, but father uses kam to his daughters b. Older sister to younger sisters c. Senior to junior Universitas Sumatera Utara The pronoun engko ‘you’ can be used when the speaker is older than his interlocutors or he has known his interlocutors very well. Sometimes the pronoun engko you is changed to be kam ‘you’ to show respect for the other. The pronoun kam can be used for plural and singular meaning in the Karonese language . the plural form is used kena ‘you’ Examples : Karonese language English Enggo kena nda ngukati ? ‘Have you got breakfast?’ Piga kalak nge kena nda? ‘How many of you have come? Kujah kena kundul ‘sit down there Ngukati is a polite way of asking some whether he has got breakfast, nge is an emphasis and it is untranslatable. 3 Third Person Singular Pronouns The third person pronoun in Karonese language is ia ‘he’ or ‘she’ Examples : Karonese language English Ia reh rusur ku kerja-kerjanta He or she usually attends our parties The pronoun of ia can be used for a woman or a man, but when it is translated into English it becomes he for a man and she for a woman. The pronoun of third person plural in Karonese language is kalak ah kalak e ‘they’. it is denoted for more than one people who are spoken. Universitas Sumatera Utara Examples : Karonese language English Ndiganai kalak ah erjabu? When did they get married? Kuja kin kalak e kerina e? Where will they all go ?

4.2.1.2 Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronoun in Karonese language are ng ku, m mu, ndu, ta , and kena na.

a. The use of possessive pronoun ng ku