The use of possessive pronoun ng ku The use of possessive pronoun m mu, ndu Analysis Social Culture in Karonese Society

Examples : Karonese language English Ndiganai kalak ah erjabu? When did they get married? Kuja kin kalak e kerina e? Where will they all go ?

4.2.1.2 Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronoun in Karonese language are ng ku, m mu, ndu, ta , and kena na.

a. The use of possessive pronoun ng ku

They are attached at the end of the noun. Examples : Karonese language English gurungku my back cikenku my stick ayongku my face All words ng, ku above denote to the belonging of a person. Prefix ku- means I, the concise forms are linked in front of a word . Examples : Karonese language English Kurintak I pulled Kutimai kuinem I waited I drink

b. The use of possessive pronoun m mu, ndu

Universitas Sumatera Utara The attachment of possessive pronoun m mu, ndu : Examples : Karonese language English genditmu your belt mangsimu your pencil itingmu your grandmother The using of possessive pronoun ndu and mu is different in Karonese language, where m mu is used to those opponents who are younger and have tutur meteroh than the speaker in Karonese culture. While ndu is more polite and used to show belonging to an older person from the addresser.

c. The use of possessive pronoun na

While the third possessive personal pronoun na ‘his’ or ‘her’ is to denote the possessive of third person pronoun. Table 4.8. Possessive pronoun in Karonese language Karonese language English Anakna his son Namdena his mother kade-kadena his relatives Bapana his father Jumana his field The pronoun na ,and ‘ta’ are used as a possessive pronoun and placed at the final of a noun. Examples : Universitas Sumatera Utara Karonese language English rumahna galang his house is big bukna gedang his hair is long kakadena enterem he has many relatives 1 na is used as substitution of a noun which has been known before. Examples : Karonese language English Sentosa eme kalak simelumbar Sentosa is a generous person and many ras enterem jelma enggo isampatina people have been helped. Na in this sentence is the pronoun of Sentosa Jumpalit emekap sekalak perjuma Jumpalit is a farmer who has si mbelang rimona. a wide orange field. Na in this sentence is the substitution of Jumpalit. Sudi sibayakna ibas kutana Sudi is the richest in his village. Na in this sentence is the substitution of Sudi 2 Na has a function to differ Noun or Adjective. Examples : Karonese language English Ganjangna dua kali asa batang tualah e The height is twice of the coconut tree. Kambingna melala. He has many goats. Universitas Sumatera Utara 3 To emphasize as the particles in combination with prefix seh ‘very’ Examples : Karonese language English Sehkel kena sangapna You are very lucky Sehkel kena launna. You are very late To use the third person singular pronoun ia he ‘she’ in Karonese language it was placed in front of the sentence, Examples : Karonese language English Ia merani rimo i juma. HeShe harvests oranges in the field Ia nimai temanna i rumah He is waiting for his friend at home. To use the third person plural pronoun kalak ah, ’they’ the addressees are far from the addresser’ kalak e they the addressees are near from the addresser’. Examples : Karonese language English Kalak ah ersator. They play chest Kalak e nggo melihe. They have been hungry 4.2.1.3 Reflexive pronouns There are reflexive pronoun in Karonese language both for persons and things. The reflexive pronoun bana ‘-self’ are used singular and plural. Universitas Sumatera Utara Examples : Karonese language English Kalak ah ndai duana ngentamken bana Both of them hurt themselves Ia ngaturken bana He arranges himself

4.2.1.4 Relative pronouns

There is only one relative pronoun in Karonese language , namely si who, which’. Its function is simply to connect the subject with adjuncts. Examples : Karonese language English Perjuma si tutus atena nuan-nuan The farmers who are serious to mbue ulih jumana. plant have good harvests. Durin si kirem kenndu enggo legi Durian which you sent was picked kami ku stasion bus. up at the bus station Relative pronoun which function to emphasize Examples : Karonese language English Kai si tukurndu e ? What are you buying? Ise si teleponndu e? Who are you phoning?

4.2.1.5 Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronoun is a word that shows a noun. There are two types of demonstrative pronoun in Karonese language they are : a. ah and ena ‘that’ to point a far distance. Universitas Sumatera Utara b. e and enda ‘this’ to point a near distance. The position of demonstrative pronoun of Karonese language can be at initial, middle or final of the sentence and it has the same meaning. If it is used at initial, it will emphasize the meaning. Examples of demonstrative pronoun ah and ena : Karonese language English Ise nge si lebohna ah ndai? Who was called? Ise kin ah ? Who is that? Examples of demonstrative pronoun to point a short distance : Karonese language English Ise si erdakan eenda? Who is cooking? Enda bukundu. Here is your book.

4.2.1.6 Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask person, things, and situation. Table 4.9. Interrogative pronouns in Karonese language and English No Karonese language English 1 Ise Who 2 ndingan When 3 siapai Which 4 Uga How 5 kai What 6 k asakai how many 7 piga how Universitas Sumatera Utara much 8 i ja Where Interrogative pronouns of ise ‘who’ is used for asking person. Examples : Karonese language English Ise si nuan page e? Who planted this rice? Ise si nemani kam? Who is accompanying you? The question word ndigan “when” is used to ask about time. Examples : Karonese language English Ndigan nandem reh ku Medan Sukat? When will your mother come to Sukat? Medan, Ndigan kerja agimu nda? When will be your sister’s wedding party? Interrogative pronouns siapai ‘which one ’ is used to denote choice for a group of person, things. Examples : Karonese language English Siapai rumahndu si ah entah si enda? Which one is your house, this one or that one? Manok siapai si tukurndu ndai? Which chicken did you buy? Universitas Sumatera Utara Question word of uga ‘how’. Question word ugagua is used to ask about a situation. Examples : Karonese language English Ugagua jumandu gundari? What about your field now ? Ugagua maka kam ngandong? Why are crying? The question word piga ‘how many’ is used to state quantity. Examples : Karonese language English Piga kalak kena nda Medan nari? How many of you from Medan? Question word ija ‘where’ to ask place. Examples : Karonese language English Ija kam tading? Where do you live? Ija jaitkendu jasndu ena? Where did you sew your coat?

4.2.1.7 Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are words that replace or showing objects or people in conditions of a certain amount. There are several kinds of Indefinite pronouns in Karonese language such as: Karonese language English salah sada one of sekalak sekalak someone ise saja whoever Universitas Sumatera Utara ndigan pe banci whenever piga-piga several Examples of indefinite pronoun : Karonese language English Salah sada kalak e anak kutaku . one of them is my villager Enggo lit jelma leben asa kita kujuma There is someone who is earlier than us to the field. Kalak Karo melala jadi perjuma. Many Karonese society are farmers Ise saja pe banci nuan page adi lit jumana Whoever can plant rice if he has a field. Ndigan pe banci kam reh ku rumahku Whenever you can come to my house Lit piga-piga temuenta enggo reh ku kutanta There are a few of our guests have come to our village.

4.2.1.8 Reciprocal pronouns

The reciprocal pronoun in Karonese language is identified as si ‘one another’ ’each other’ which connect with verbs and it not as conjunction of a sentence. So si ‘one another’’ shows the action one another Examples: Karonese language English Kalak karo perlu si sampat-sampaten Karonese society should help maka banci maju each other to be progressive. Universitas Sumatera Utara The pronoun si in Karonese language has function as subject, object and possessive. . From the above explanation the pronoun in Karonese language can be showed as follows : Table 4.10. Pronoun of person, object and possessive in Karonese language Subject Object Possessive Karonese English Karonese English Karonese English Aku I Aku Ee ku my Kam you Kam You ndu your Ia he, she Ia him, her na his, her kami- we kami- Us kami- our Kita kita Kita Us nta our Kalakah they Kalakah Them kalakah their Si who,- which Si who- which si who- which Based on the above table we can see that there is no change of function of Karonese language pronoun . Here are some examples : Karonese language English Aku nukur juma sadah. I bought that field Puna juma ah si nawarkenca bangku. The owner of the field which offered me Ia reh ku rumahku. He came to my house The form of aku, ng ku ’, I’ does not have the difference usage as subject, object and possessive. Universitas Sumatera Utara

4.2.2 Interrogative sentences in Karonese language

There are five types of interrogative sentences in Karonese Language, they are yes no question, question word. Negative question, question tag and alternative question.

4.2.2.1 Yes no question in KL

It is usually introduced by the using of the particle nda. Examples : Karonese language English lit nda ku rumahndu kempundu? Did your grandson come to your house? Lit turangku ah maba gula tualah Did turangku bring sekalenda? gula tualah today? The answer : lit yes, or lang no. Declarative sentences are different from a yes – no question, example : Karonese language English enggo kena merdang jong,? Have you planted corn? The answer : enggo yes or lenga no.

4.2.2.2 A Wh –Type question in KL

There are kai what, engkai why , uga how, jaijakuja siapai where, which, how much, many, ise who possessive whose, ndigan ndiganai katawari when, piga how much, how many. Universitas Sumatera Utara

4.2.2.3 Negative interrogative in KL

A negative form of yes-no question in KL can be used as follows ; Karonese language English La kena ku tiga? Will you go to the market? La kam ngirim pertama kerja si medan nda? Will you ask someone to bring your wedding party present which is in Medan?

4.2.2.4 A tag question in KL

To ask a confirmation about what is stated in the statement, a tag question is used in KL A positive statement tag question Motor kutanta e . ma bage ? This is our village car isn’t it?

4.2.2.5 Alternative questions in KL

It is requested to select two alternative choices and it is indicated as following intonation. Examples : Karonese language English Tare kai kita ku tiga, motor ntah becak? By what do we prefer to go to the market, becak or bus? Universitas Sumatera Utara

4.2.3 Politeness in practicing rebu in Karonese society

Having social interaction with other people one will show his appearance as an expression of his feeling. The presence of others will reflect certain image in their communication. The face will be the centre of certain image. It may be positive or negative image. The positive image of one’s conversational partner achieves politeness . Politeness is practiced in several ways and will depend on a variety of factors, including the relative age, kinships between speakers, the context, and how well the participants know one another. House, 2005 : 13 states politeness is one of the basic socio-psychological guidelines for human behavior. It is regarded as the behavioral norm for speakers and it is , of course, speakers only - never utterances – who can called polite or impolite, to the extend that their utterances are in keeping with particular rights and obligations holding in a particular interaction and reflect the contextually determined responsibility interlocutors have to each other. The researcher analyzed some of the linguistic and cultural criteria of politeness which arer expressed in rebu texts of Karonese society. There are two kinds of politeness in Karonese society, they are linguistic and cultural politeness. Politeness is an important factor in Karonese society communication, especially the communication between rebu participants. The practicing of rebu is unlimited of time and place. Brown and Levinson’s theory 1994:61 defined face is as: the public self- image that everyone claims himself consisting of two related aspects: a negative face: the basic claim to freedom of action and freedom from imposition; b positive face: positive self-image and the desire that this self-image Universitas Sumatera Utara be appreciated and approved of. Hatim and Mason 2000: 432 in “Venuti’s Translation Studies Reader explain now, because language users are aware of each other’s face, it will in general be in their mutual interest to maintain each other’s face. So, speakers will usually want to maintain addressees’ face because they want addressees to maintain their face. The researcher began by de scribing Brown and Levinson’s ‘politeness’ theory and identifying a type of interaction and then he went on to analyze segments of casual conversation in rebu of Karonese society to show how Brown and Levinson’s theory was adopted and applied in rebu texts. Brown and Levinson’s 1994 politeness theory, speakers are considered polite if they enhance or maintain addressee’s face during a face threatening utterance Brown and Levinson,1994 :62 propose the notion of positive politeness and negative politeness. Positive politeness is oriented toward the positive face of H, the positive self image that he claims for himself. Negative face, on the other hand, is oriented mainly toward partially satisfying redressing H’s negative face, his basic want to maintain claims of territory and self determination. In daily communication, there are ways to go about getting the things we want. When we are with our rebu, we can say to them, by using the tag nina , nindu, or ningen . Politeness is an important factor in Karonese society communication, especially the communication among rebu participants . The practicing of rebu is unlimited of time and place. It is great important to investigate the particular linguistic politeness of rebu in Karonese society. Universitas Sumatera Utara Linguistic politeness is connected with social norms in Karonese society. Namely communication of both sides reduce differences by keeping harmony, satisfying the other side’s requests, and approving the other party as much as possible. By using certain words, the words which are polite make other people satisfied. Social norms as part of culture have many words as Karonese ’s culture politeness tends to be little oneself and respect others and this is regarded as a phenomenon of typical characteristic of Karonese culture. The person who is polite always belittles himself and respects others in Karonese traditional culture. 4.2.3.1Pronouns of address The participants of rebu need to use a pronoun of address in their dialogue. The use of pronouns of address differs from Karonese language to English, the use of pronouns of address as well as other lexical items are distributed differently. Table 4.11. Polite pronoun in Karonese language Karonese polite Karonese impolite English Term of Reference Kam Engko you noun Ndu Mu your possessive pronoun Ta Ku our possessive pronoun The use of second person singular person ‘kam’ in Karonese society is polite pronoun regarded as an obvious sign of polite. Another polite pronoun ‘ndu ‘ is the possessive singular second person. The first person is in common use “I, my, mine” aku，ku, ta; the second person is in general use “you, your, yours”（engko, kam, mu, ndu. Karonese is known as an ethnic group of the etiquette. Karonese society has formed the characteristic Karonese moral rules Universitas Sumatera Utara and politeness principle for thousand years. Generally, Karonese culture’s politeness principle include the following several aspects.

4.2.3.2 Imperative politeness

In asking someone to do something, there are certain polite verbs in Karonese language. Table 4.12. Imperative politeness in Karonese society Karonese polite Karonese impolite English to to du Ente go Ndi Enah here Nta Endo give Mari Eko come on Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER FIVE DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS

5.1 Data

This chapter consists of two subchapters, they are data and data analysis. The data taken from print sources and the researcher participation observation. The two kinds of data were classified into each category and organized as the center of analysis related to the research questions. The texts were segmented into clauses and clauses were numbered. The themes of the clauses were analyzed whether they were unmarked or marked themes. 5.2. Data Analysis The data analysis subchapter covers themes in the source texts and the target texts. It also covers the culture of Karonese society and politeness in Karonese society. Problems in translating Rebu texts in Karonese society into English and translation methods and procedures used in translating problems in rebu texts in Karonese society.

5.2.1 Themes in the Source Texts and the target texts

The analysis of the themes during the translation of rebu in Karonese language and culture into English has revealed the existence of a variety of different themes. These have been classified into three categories according to the classification of themes , they are textual theme, interpersonal theme and topical theme. Universitas Sumatera Utara

5.2.1.1 The theme of

rebu clauses in ST and TT Text 1 : Mukul ‘the forth phases of the wedding party in Karonese culture’ The data from mukul text were analyzed into the word order of the themes and each of the following themes is unmarked or marked theme. 1. SL. Nai acara enda igelari mukul, tapi gundari eggo megati igelari mecah- mecah tinaroh entahpe persadaan tendi. TL. For long time ago this ceremony was called marriage rite mukul, but nowadays it is usually called mecah-mecah tinaroh or persadaan tendi. Nai acara enda igelari mukul, tapi gundari eggo megati igelari mecah-mecah tinaroh entahpe persadaan tendi. Adverbial as theme Rheme Marked topical theme For long time ago this ceremony is called marriage rite mukul but nowadays it is usually called mecah-mecah tinaroh or persadaan tendi. Theme Rheme Adverbial group as theme Marked topical theme Nai is a constituent in declarative clause as theme, it is an adjunct. Nai is an adverb of time and it is mostly used at the beginning of clause in Karonese language. This adverb was placed at the beginning of the clause was to emphasisize the applying of marriage rite mukul in the past. The adverb of time could be placed at the beginning or the end of the clause in Karonese language as English could. Nai is an adverb of time in SL and it consists of single word but when it was translated into English. The translation of nai in SL became four words in TL. For long time ago, is the adverbial clause in the clause 1TL as the marked topical theme. The marked Theme in this clause is an adverbial group. Universitas Sumatera Utara In SL nai as adverbial group only has a lexical category whereas in TL, there are 4 lexical categories consist of for, long, time and ago as marked theme. Both of these themes syntactically have different phrasal structure rules but they have the same meaning. The process of translating nai into for long time ago in this clause was applied by semantic translation method as Newmark proposed.

2. SL. Acara mukul enda iban i rumah orangtua siempo, waktuna berngina enggo kenca dung kerja.

TL. This mukul marriage rite was held in groom’s parents’ house, its time was at the night after finishing wedding party Acara mukul enda iban i rumah orangtua siempo waktuna berngina enggo kenca dung kerja. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme This mukul marriage rite was held in groom’s parents’ house, its time was at the night after finishing wedding party Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Acara mukul enda is a nominal group as unmarked topical theme number 2 SL. It consists of pre- and post-modifiers. Mukul is the head and acara is a noun as pre-modifier and enda is post-modifier. The nominal group acting as subject includes pre-and post-modifiers. Mukul was untranslatable cultural word, it should be explained in TL. Mukul is the last phase of wedding ceremony. It is usually held at groom’s house which are presented by certain kalimbubu, sembuyak and anakberu. In English, the theme is usually used in the initial of a clause. In this clause, this ‘mukul’ marriage rite is a nominal group as unmarked topical theme which consists of two modifiers modify rite. The nominal group of the ST and TT were used as subject in the passive clause. The word mukul is untranslatable so it needs the translation procedure of couplets, they are transference and descriptive Universitas Sumatera Utara equivalence translation procedures. This marriage rite is the equivalence of mukul but they do not have the same meaning, so the lengthy explanatory is needed to get its meaning in target text. This marriage rite is as the nominal group or noun phrase which meant this marriage ceremony. The this marriage rite is not the equivalence of nominal group of acara mukul enda in Karonese language, for the TT, there is no specific of phase of marriage ceremony. ‘Rite-’ together with the noun ‘marriage’, which repeats and reinforces the meaning of the prefix, adequately renders the idea that this person started to live in a new place. The Unmarked Theme in clauses 2 SL and 2 TL are as the Subject and the Subject is nominal group. While the researcher was attending the wedding ceremonies, he observed that the mukul ceremony is still applied, though the wedding parties were held in Medan as one of a big city in Indonesia. 3. SL. Ibas acara mukul enda lit sada makna siterkandung, emekap gelah sitandan orangtua si empo ras si sereh terdauhen, sebab enda me bena- benana orangtua si sereh ndedeh rumah orangtua si empo. TL. In this marriage rite ‘mukul’ there is a contained meaning , in order both the groo m’s and the bride’s parents will be more familiar each other. Ibas acara mukul enda lit sada makna siterkandung emekap gelah sitandan orangtua si empo ras si sereh terdauhen, sebab enda me bena-benana orangtua si sereh ndedeh rumah orangtua si empo. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme Marked topical theme In this marriage rite ‘mukul’ there is a contained meaning in order both the groom’s and the bride’s parents will be more familiar each other , because it is the first time for bride’s parents come to groom’s parents’ house. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme Marked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Ibas acara mukul enda is prepositional phrase as marked topical theme and its structural rule is ibas as preposition and followed by nominal group : mukul as a noun and acara as an adjective. Enda is singular demonstarative pronoun. Ibas and acara are as pre-modifers modify mukul and enda is as post-modifier modifies mukul. In the target language the prepositional phrase of in this marriage rite as marked topical theme consist of in as preposition . and followed by this marriage rite as nominal group. Transference and paraphrase translation procedures were applied to transfer the marked themes in the SL into the marked theme in TL.

4. SL. Anakberu si empo nikapken nakan ras gulen bagepe nanggerken manok

sangkep manok megersing si ibereken orangtua sinereh luah kalimbubu singalo bere-bere naroh manok raja mulia manok pemukul sienggo itasakken gelah iberekenna man. TL. The groom’s anakberu prepared dinner and cooked manok sangkep yellow chicken which was given by the bride’s parents , and an egg which kalimbubu singalo berebere ’s gift raja mulia egg for the mukul boiled and gave them to be eaten by si mukul. Anakberu si empo nikapken nakan ras gulen bagepe nanggerken manok sangkep manok megersing si ibereken orangtua sinereh luah kalimbubu singalo bere-bere naroh manok raja mulia manok pemukul sienggo itasakken gelah iberekenna man. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The gr oom’s anakberu prepared dinner and cooked manok sangkep yellow chicken which was given by the bride’s parents , and an egg which kalimbubu singalo bebere ’s gift raja mulia egg for the mukul boiled and gave them to be eaten by si mukul . Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Anakberu si empo is a nominal group as the subject and it is unmarked topical theme. The head of this nominal group is anakberu and it has two post- Universitas Sumatera Utara modifiers. In SL si empo is relative clause modifies anakberu. There are seven subs of anakberu in Karonese culture, they are anakberu tua, anak beru cekoh baka, anakberu iangkip, anakberu sipemeren, anakberu menteri, anakberu ngikuri. These cultural terms are untranslatable, they should be explained in the target text. A cock is never given in Karonese wedding instead a yellow live hen as a symbol of fertility and to have affect on childbearing of sons and daughters. An expression of jumpa matawari ras bulan once the speeches are given to the bridegroom. As a symbol of expression to have sons and daughters in future, sons are symbolized as matawari ‘sun’ which is strong and bright in the family. A gift is unlikely to find at English wedding is a live yellow hen. The groom ’s anakberu wife takers is the subject as unmarked theme. The groom’s anakberu wife takers is a nominal group as the theme it has pre- modifier and post-modifier. Groom is the head of nominal group , the is pre- modifier and ‘anakberu is post-modifier. The word anakberu translated as wife takers in target language but it has the different meaning as wife takers in Karonese culture because the groups of wife’s takers in Karonese culture has the sub anakberu and due to this fact the researcher left it as it was so the original meaning of anakberu would not be distorted. Lengthy additional explanation onto English as Newmark’s couplet procedure was used. They descriptive equivalence and tranference. The sub of anakberu in TL was not found, but it existed in Karonese society. Anakberu in Karonese society understand their kinship and the place of their seats in mukul ceremony because the place of sitting for rakut sitelu is different and it is arranged culturally. Rakut sitelu consists of sembuyak., kalimbubu and anakberu. Universitas Sumatera Utara

5. SL. Adi enggo reh seh orangtua sisereh ras piga-piga sangkepna emaka

ibereken man bana manok sangkep manok pemukul si enggo itasakken, siman berenkenna man pengantin. TL. If the bride’s parents and a few of their sangkep arrived , then manok sangkep which had been cooked for manok pemukul would be given for them, which they would give them to the bride. Adi enggo reh seh orangtua sisereh ras piga-piga sangkepna emaka ibereken man bana manok sangkep manok pemukul si enggo itasakken, siman berenkenna man pengantin. Dependent clause asTheme Rheme If the bride’s parents and a few of their sangkep arrived then manok sangkep which had been cooked for manok pemukul would be given for them, which they would give them to the bride. Dependent clause asTheme Rheme Adi enggo reh seh orangtua sisereh ras piga-piga sangkepna is dependent clause which consist of adi is translated with ‘if ‘ and followed by verb enggo reh seh ‘have come’ and plus noun orangtua parents. The structural rule of clauses 5 SL and 5 TL is different. The structural rule of clause 5 SL consists of adi if + Verb and + Noun and it is different from clause 5 TL which structure rule consists of If + NP + Verb. Sangkep consists of kalimbubu, sembuyak and anakberu, means complete member of the representative of relatives groups. Each family in Karonese society has sembuyak, kalimbubu and anakberu. The themes of clause 5 SL and clause 5 TL are marked themes because they modify head clause. The word sangkep was explained with descriptive equivalence and literal translation used to have complete meaning of this marke theme. When the SL clause is started with subordinate clause, it is as the marked theme and TL clause is as rheme. Universitas Sumatera Utara

6. SL. Manok sangkep enda ndai ibereken anak beru siempo man mami sisereh

emaka itama mami sisereh bas sada pinggan piggan pasu siengo ilanami alu uis ariteneng, janah enggo isin nakan rikut ras gulenna naroh manok belgang enggo itaka dua. TL. This manok sangkep was given by the groom’s anakberu to the bride’s mami and they put on a traditional big Karonese ceramic plate pinggan pasu’. which has been soften by uis ariteneng and the rice was completely by vegetables, the egg which has been chopped into two parts. Manok sangkep enda ndai ibereken anak beru siempo man mami sisereh emaka itama mami sisereh bas sada pinggan piggan pasu siengo ilanami alu uis ariteneng, janah enggo isin nakan rikut ras gulenna naroh manok belgang enggo itaka dua. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme This manok sangkep was given by the groom’s anakberu to the bride’s mami and they put on a traditional big Karonese ceramic plate pinggan pasu which has been soften by uis ariteneng and the rice was completely by vegetables, the egg which has been chopped into two parts. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Manok sangkep enda ndai is a nominal group as unmarked theme which consists of manok as a head and sangkep enda ndai are three post-modifiers. It is adat ceremony held at groom ’s parents’ house and monok means hen monok sangkep is a complete hen which was cooked, arranged completely and given to the bridegroom for their dinner on their bed. It was held on their bedroom and were accompanied by 3 to 5 bride’s mami. The equivalence of cultural specific bound term in Karonese culture is explained with descriptive equivalence. The term of Manok sangkep is not found in English culture, instead it should be explained in TL. This manok sangkep is a nominal group as the unmarked topical theme in the above clause, it is a complete hen given for the bridegroom and they were asked to sit on their bed while having dinner. There are many Karonese wedding ceremony terms are untranslatable because there are not present in English. There Universitas Sumatera Utara is no wedding ceremony series held on the bridegroom bed in English. There is no cultural equivalence of manok sangkep in English culture so lengthy explanations were used to make translation more comprehensive and acceptable to the target readers. Manok sangkep is boiled chicken which is rearranged completely to be served for the groom and bride. It is held in their bedroom and are accompanied by 3 to 5 bride’s mami. Mami is not the bride‘s rebu because she is the bridge’s uncle’s wife. The equivalence of cultural specific bound term manok sangkep in Karonese culture is explained with descriptive equivalence. This term is not found in English culture.

7. SL. Emaka iberekenna man pengantin, ia duana man sada piring, ibas kamarna

isaksiken piga-piga pernanden arah pihak sinereh. TL. Then it was given to the bride and the groom, they had dinner at the same plate, in his bedroom witnessed by a few women from the groom’s party. Emaka iberekenna man pengantin ia duana man sada piring, ibas kamarna isaksiken piga-piga pernanden arah pihak sinereh Cont. Rheme Textual theme Then It was given to the bride and the groom they had dinner at the same plate, in his bedroom witnessed by a few women from the bride’s party. Conj topical theme Rheme Textual theme Emaka is usually used at the initial of the sentence and that is about someone to continue the action. It is as a conjunctive adjunct in SL and was translated to be then it in TL, the translation was done literally. Universitas Sumatera Utara The process of translating the conjunctive adjunct in SL clause 7 to be then it, there was an additional impersonal it as the subject in the target language in the restructuring the TL. The shift of change of an SL verb to a TL word 8.SL. Ipukul si dilaki nakan rikutken setengah naroh manok belgang, isulangina sidiberu, bagekape si diberu isulangina si dilaki. TL. The bride hold the rice and half of boiled egg, and he put them into the groom’s mouth and the groom put them into the bride’s mouth. Ipukul si dilaki nakan rikutken setengah naroh manok belgang, isulangina sidiberu, bagekape si diberu isulangina si dilaki Predicator as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The bride hold the rice and half of boiled egg, and he put them into the groom’s mouth and the groom put them into the bride’s mouth. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The theme in clause 8.SL is a verbal group but when it was translated into English, it changed to be a nominal group. In Karonese language, ipukul si dilaki nakan rikutken setengah naroh manok belgang, is a verbal group as the departure of the clause in the passive clause, the structure rule of this verbal group is verb intransitive plus nominal group. In English , the bride hold the rice and half of boiled egg, is nominal group as the theme , the structure rules of the nominal group : bride is the head and the as a pre-modifier and hold the rice and half of boiled egg are verbal groups as post-modifiers. The process of translation of ipukul as a verbal group in SL, changed to be nominal group in TL. By analyzing the clause 8 SL and clause 8 TL themes, of clauses translated from Karonese language into English, it can be identified an exception that ipukul as the theme is a verbal group in Karonese language and translated into the bride Universitas Sumatera Utara is nominal group English. The shift procedure was used passive sentence in the SL changed to be active sentence in the TL. 9.SL.Mukul enda ilaksanakan i kamar pengantin. TL.This mukul marriage rite was held in th e bride’s and the groom’s bedroom. Mukul enda ilaksanakan i kamar pengantin. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme This mukul marriage rite was held in the bride’s and the groom’s bedroom. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Mukul enda is nominal group as the theme, mukul is the head and enda is post modifier modifies the head mukul. In the target text, this mukul marriage rite is a nominal group as the theme which consists of pre and post modifiers of the head marriage. Paraphrase procedure and literal translation were used to transfer the message of the theme. 10.SL. Inganna kundul amak dabuhen luah singalo ulu emas. TL. The place of their sitting is amak dabuhen the gift of singalo ulu emas. Inganna kundul amak dabuhen luah singalo ulu emas. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The place of their sitting is amak dabuhen the gift of singalo ulu emas. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The structure of the nominal group of inganna kundul are two post modifiers of the head ingan. One of the post modifier is the suffix –na, means possessive. The place of their sitting as nominal group consists of a pre-modifier and three post-modifiers. Amak dabuhen in clause 6 SL is translated to be pandan mat Universitas Sumatera Utara used for screening of the bridegroom bed. This amak dabuhen is not used for a screen nowadays because a house usually has a bedroom so it is not used for screen. Syntactic features of Karonese language nominal group and their translations into English, whose nominal group rules does not behave in the same way as the Karonese language one does. Since the SCBT was in the theme, paraphrase procedure and literal translation were used to transfer the message of the theme. 11.SL. Ngenca enggo dung man pengantin maka enggo banci man sienterem. TL. After the bride had finished the meal then the rest could have dinner Ngenca enggo dung man pengantin maka enggo banci man sienterem. Prepositional group as theme Rheme marked topical theme After the bridegroom had finished the meal then the rest could have dinner. Prepositional group as theme Rheme marked topical theme Ngenca enggo dung man pengantin is subordinate clause and followed by main clause . It is as marked theme. Ngenca enggo dung man pengantin in SL was translated with after the bridegroom had finished the meal in TL. Both of them are subordinate clauses as marked themes, in SL ngenca enggo dung man pengantin consist of preposition plus verbial group but in TL after the bridegroom had finished the meal consist of preposition plus nominal group. The meal was the literal translation of man, but for English it was better translated with dinner. The processes of mukul after finishing wedding party were applied by 3 steps they were : Universitas Sumatera Utara 1. Erbahan penadingen ‘having representative’ 12.SL. Erbahan penadingen emekap, erbahan muat sangkep nggeluh si sereh ibas kuta si dilaki e. TL. Having the representative of the bride’s relatives, they are sangkep nggeluh of the bride in the groom’s village. Erbahan penadingen emekap, erbahan muat sangkep nggeluh si sereh ibas kuta si dilaki e. Predicated as theme Rheme Unmarked topical theme Erbahan penadingen emekap, erbahan muat sangkep nggeluh si sereh ibas kuta si dilaki e. Predicated as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Erbahan penadingen is verbal group in SL as unmarked theme in the dependent clause. The literal translation of erbahan penadingen is having the representative, to make it clear, it should be added by the groom’s relatives as a subject of dependent clause. In SL it has been familiar when representative in the marriage rite should be the groom’s relative because they came to the bride village after the wedding ceremony. Having the rep resentative of the bride’s relatives is unmarked theme which consists of verbal clause in the TL. 13.SL. Silabanci lang emkap bapanande, singalo bere-bere, singalo perkempun ras perninin bagepe anak beru. TL. At least they are bapanande, singalo bere-bere, singalo perkempun and perninin either do anak beru. Silabanci lang emkap bapanande, singalo bere-bere, singalo perkempun ras perninin bagepe anak beru. Conjunction as theme Rheme textual theme At least They are bapanande, singalo bere-bere, singalo perkempun and perninin either do anak beru. Cont Theme Rheme Textual theme Silabanci lang in SL was conjunctive adjunct as the textual theme translated into have to because it emphased the representative standard of all the Universitas Sumatera Utara mukul participants. This clause has the relationship with the clause of number 12 SL, one of mukul ceremony purpose was to have the representative of the groom’s relatives, there for the sangkep nggeluh of the bride and the groom should present mukul ceremony. The translation of silabanci lang in SL into TL was at least to emphasize the standard minimum of the mukul participants and there should be inserted the subject in the restructuring the TL. It was translated literally. The participants of rebu which should come bapanande, singalo bere- bere, singalo perkempun ras perninin bagepe anak beru, all of these Karo kinship terms do not exist in English English. Each of the terms has group members such as singalo bere-bere, singalo perkempun ras perninin bagepe anak beru. In Karonese culture, it is not polite to call older people names. In translating as singalo bere-bere, singalo perkempun ras perninin bagepe anak beru in SL should be explained because there weren’t any equivalence of those Karo kinship terms in English English. 14.SL. Gelah kune lit pagi siman endesenken kerja si diberu enda, lanai perlu langsung idahiken ku kuta orangtua si diberu, tapi cukup ipeseh man penadingen e saja. TL. So when there is something to be g iven to the groom’s parents, it can be given to their representative in the bride’s village. Gelah kune lit pagi siman endesenken kerja si diberu enda lanai perlu langsung idahiken ku kuta orangtua si diberu, tapi cukup ipeseh man penadingen e saja. Cont. as theme Rheme textual theme So when there is something to be given to the groom’s parents, it can be given to their representative in the bride’s village. Cont. as theme Rheme textual theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Gelah is conjunctive adjunct as a textual theme, gelah is the continuative. It is followed by dependent clause . SL theme in the clause was translated with so when there is something to be given to the groom’s parents. Gelah is conjunctive adjunct in SL as textual theme and followed by the dependent clause and so is conjunctive adjunct as marked theme in TL. The theme in SL was translated by literal translation, it was used to transfer the message of the textual theme in SL into textual theme in TL. 15.SL.Entah lit kerja-kerja ibas kuta si empo enda, enggo penadingen e simuat ose sidiberu e. TL. If there is a party in the groom’s villiage, so the representative will be responsible to provide the bride’s ose Karonese traditional complete uniform. Entah lit kerja-kerja ibas kuta si empo enda , enggo penadingen e simuat ose sidiberu e. Dependent as Theme Rheme unmarked topical theme If there is a party in the bride’s village so the representative will be responsible to prov ide the groom’s ose Karonese traditional completele uniform Dependent as Theme Rheme Marked theme Entah lit kerja-kerja ibas kuta si empo enda is dependent clause in the SL was translated literally with If there is a party in groom’s villiage inTL as dependent clause. Both themes of SL and TL clauses are marked themes because they modify main clause. Clauses 15 in SL and 15 in TL are marked themes. 16.SL. Ibas acara endape ipedalan nge utang adat, emkap rudang-rudang, bere- bere, perkempun ras perkembaren man penadingen sienggo ibuat e. TL. In this ceremonial, the adat debt utang adat as rudang-rudang, bere- bere, bride’s mother’s natal lineage , perkempun the bride’s puang kalimbubu and perkembaren anakberu anakberu cekoh baka, anakberu menteri, anakberu tua , to the representative of the groom’s relatives penadingen were delivered. Universitas Sumatera Utara Ibas acara endape ipedalan nge utang adat, emkap rudang-rudang, bere-bere, perkempun ras perkembaren man penadingen sienggo ibuat e. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme In this ceremonial, the adat debt utang adat as rudang-rudang, bere-bere, bride’s mother’s natal lineage , perkempun the bride’s puang kalimbubu and perkembaren anakberu anakberu cekoh baka, anakberu menteri, anakberu tua , to the representative of the groom’s relatives penadingen were also delivered adjunct as theme Rheme marked topical theme Ibas acara endape in SL is prepositional phrase as adjunct in number 16 SL and as the departure of meaning and it is as unmarked topical theme. The preposition is followed by nominal group. The nominal group in this theme consist of acara as the head and followed by enda pe as modifiers, enda is singular demonstrative which near to the speaker means ‘this’ and pe is translated with ‘also’. In this ceremonial is prepositional phrase as marked topical theme and its structural rule is in as preposition and followed by nominal group : this as a demonstrative pronoun and ceremonial as noun. In the target language the prepositional phrase of in this ceremonial as marked topical theme consist of in as preposition . and followed by this ceremonial as nominal group. The SL theme was translated literally.

2. Ngobah Tutur “ The ceremony of introducing the relatives and changing

participants kinship terms” In the process of ngobah tutur, it is the starting of rebu for a new couple and other relatives. 17.SL.Adi sinoria, ibas ngobah tutur enda iban nge belo kinapur siman berenken pengantin man kerina kade-kade sangana ipetandaken. Universitas Sumatera Utara TL. For the ancestors, in the ngobah tutur belo kinapur was provided which the groom gave to all the guests while she was being introduced to them. Adi sinoria ibas ngobah tutur enda iban nge belo kinapur siman berenken pengantin man kerina kade-kade sangana ipetandaken. Conj Theme Rheme Marked topical theme For the ancestors , in the ngobah tutur belo kinapur was provided which the groom gave to all the guests while she was being introduced to them. Conj Theme Rheme Marked topical theme Adi sinoria is conjunction as marked topical theme, ngobah tutur is the ceremony of introducing the relatives and it is held in the groom’s parents’ house and changing Karo kinship terms. It is untranslatable and the lengthy explaination was needed in the process of translation, so descriptive equivalence was applied. In this ceremony, the bridegroom perform their honor to their relatives specially for their rebu. For the ancestors, is prepositional phrase as marked theme in TL, the construction of preposition phrase TL is not same. The theme in SL clause consist of dependent clause, but in TL the theme is prepositional phrase. Eventhough both themes were not same but the message of the two themes were same. 18.SL. Tapi gundari enda, lanai pe iban enggo kam biasa, cukup salaman saja. TL. But nowadays , there aren’t any belo kinapur and it is not problem, shaking hands is enough. Tapi gundari enda lanai pe iban enggo kam biasa, cukup salaman saja. Conj Theme Rheme textual theme But nowadays , aren’t any belo kinapur and it is not problem, it is enogh for shaking hands only. Conj Theme Rheme textual theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Tapi is as the theme in SL and but is as the theme in TL. Tapi and but are as conjunctions in the both SL and TL of clauses 18. They are textual themes and literal translation are used to transfer tapi in SL into but in TL. 19.SL. Pengantin si diberu ibabai bibi sidilaki lako petandakensa man kerina kade-kade sidilaki sireh, ras nuduhisa kadena kin ia, entah sibiak rebu entah lang. bage kape pengantin sidilaki ibabai bibi sisereh, lako petandakensa man kerina kade-kade arah sidiberu. TL. The bride was guided by the groom’s aunts to introduce her to all present gr oom’s guests, and stated her kinship terms, whether they are as her rebu or not, the same ceremonial was held to the groom which was guided by the bride’s aunts, to introduce him to her relatives. Pengantin si diberu ibabai bibi sidilaki lako petandakensa man kerina kade- kade sidilaki sireh ras nuduhisa kadena kin ia, entah sibiak rebu entah lang. bage kape pengantin sidilaki ibabai bibi sisereh, lako petandakensa man kerina kade-kade arah sidiberu. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The bride was guided by the groom’s aunts to introduce her to all present groom’s guests, and stated her kinship, whether they are as her rebu or not, the same ceremonial was held to the groom which was guided by the bride’s aunts, to introduce him to her relatives. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Pengantin si diberu is a nominal group as unmarked topical theme, the structure rule of this nominal group pengantin is the head and si diberu as post- modifiers. In TL they are translated literally with bride, its structure rule is nominal group the is as modifier and bride as the head. The bride is subject as theme in the clause 19. 20.SL. ABTS Anakberu Tua Sinereh nungkuni ija kin ngenda rencana alamat sitetap pengantin enda, gelah ieteh kalimbubu pagi ndahisa kune tedeh atena, janah gelah ieteh ngalamatken surat kune lit dahi-dahin ibas kalimbubu. TL. ABTS asked where the future permanent address of the bridegroom, so that Universitas Sumatera Utara if kalimbubu were long for them, and when there is a kalimbubu ’s party we know the address to send the letter. ABTS Anakberu Tua sinereh nungkuni ija kin ngenda rencana alamat sitetap pengantin enda, gelah ieteh kalimbubu pagi ndahisa kune tedeh atena, janah gelah ieteh ngalamatken surat kune lit dahi-dahin ibas kalimbubu. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme ABTS asked where the future permanent address of the bridegroom, so that if kalimbubu were long for them, and when there is a kalimbubu ’s party we know the address to send the letter. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Syntactically, Anakberu Tua Sinereh is a nominal group as theme in clause 20. The structure of Anakberu Tua Sinereh , the head is anakberu , tua and sinereh are post-modifiers. ABTS is the contraction of Anakberu Tua Sinereh, they are group of wife takers who are responsible to help their kalimbubu in celebrating a party. The unmarked topical theme in the SL was paraphrased into TL. The term of ABTS is one of the anak beru group who lead the process of the party and they had function to guide the other group of anak beru. Translating anak beru was not only transferring its meaning but also its function. To exist its meaning and its function in TL are not transferable because its cultural differences, so they do not exist in TL. Anakberu is responsible to support all their kalimbubu party. They are as volunteers in kalimbubu ’s party. 21.SL. Tambah sie entah ndigan kin ngenda rencana pengantin ku alamatna e, entah ku kuta ingan na tading e, gelah ieteh kalimbubu pagi naroh. TL. Besides , so when will the bride and groom plan to go home, or to the village where they will live, so kalimbubu know when they will accompany them to go there. Universitas Sumatera Utara Tambah sie entah ndigan kin ngenda rencana pengantin ku alamatna e, entah ku kuta ingan na tading e, gelah ieteh kalimbubu pagi naroh. conj as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Besides so when will the bride and groom plan to go home, or to the village where he lived, so kalimbubu know when they will accompany them to go there. Conj as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Tambah sie in SL as theme literally translated to be besides in TL is as textual theme, they are as conjunctives adjuncts. 22.SL. Anakberu sidilaki mereken cokong-cokong pengantin, sinialokenna sangana rende ibas dahin ngating manok. TL. The groom’s anakberu gave the cokong-cokong to the bridegroom, which was received while they were dancing and singing. Anak beru sidilaki mereken cokong-cokong pengantin, sinialokenna sangana rende ibas dahin ngating manok. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The groom’s anakberu gave the cokong-cokong to the bridegroom, which was received while they were dancing and singing. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Anak beru sidilaki is subject as theme in SL, anakberu sidilaki in this clause was not classified into each group. So anakberu sidilaki are the wife taker’s group who work for their kalimbubu in a party. The groo m’s anakberu is subject as unmarked theme in TL, anakberu in SL was not translated into the TL because it doesn’t exist in TL and there are many kinds of anakberu, the explaination was needed in the process of translation, descriptive equivalence translation procedure was applied. 23.SL. Ngisap-ngisap sidilaki man belo sidiberu, acara mukul enggo dung. Universitas Sumatera Utara TL. Men of anakberu ‘wife takers’ offer the cigarettes to the men of kalimbubu ‘wife givers’ and women of anakberu ‘wife takers’offer belo to kalimbubu ‘wife givers’ and women the mukul ceremony had been done well. Ngisap-ngisap sidilaki man belo sidiberu, acara mukul enggo dung. verbial group as theme Rheme marked topical theme Men of anakberu ‘wife ta kers’ offer the cigarettes to the men of kalimbubu ‘wife givers’ and women of anakberu ‘wife takers’offer belo to kalimbubu ‘wife givers’ and women the mukul ceremony had been done well. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Ngisap-ngisap is a verbial group as unmarked theme in SL and it was translated with ‘smoking together’ literally. In this case anakberu ‘wife takers’ offer the cigarettes to kalimbubu ‘wife givers’ and belo to women, this situation was used to know more about the two families and their relatives. Men of anakberu ‘wife takers’ is subject as unmarked theme in SL, there is no equivalence of ngisap-ngisap sidilaki and man belo si diberu therefore it must be explained in TL. The shift of marked theme to be unamarked theme occurred in translating the theme of SL. 24.SL. Biasana orangtua sidiberu labo mulih tapi ibas rumah e ia medem, terangkensa waringe maka ia mulih. TL. The brides parent usually do not leave for their house, they stayed in the house for sleeping Biasana orangtua sidiberu labo mulih tapi ibas rumah e ia medem, terangkensa waringe maka ia mulih. Conj adjunct Theme Rheme Marked topical theme The brides parent usually don’t leave for their house, they stayed in the house for sleeping Unmarked Theme Rheme Biasana is adverb of frequency as modal adjunct, it is used at initial of the clause as to emphasize the meaning of the clause. Biasana is an adverb in SL but Universitas Sumatera Utara it has different theme for the TL. Orangtua sidiberu is a subject as theme in TL. The brides parent is subject as unmarked theme in SL.There is a derivational theme of marked theme in SL changes to be unmarked theme in the clause 24. 25.SL. Lit ka daerah, ibas terang wari enggo kenca elah man pengantin mereken sada amak tayangen man : orangtua si empo, orangtua sisereh, kalimbubu singalo ulu emas ras pinggan perpanganen man anak beru. TL. In the certain area, the next morning after having breakfast, the bridegroom gave an amak tayangen to groom’s parents, the bridge’s parents, kalimbubu singalo ulu emas and pinggan perpanganen to anak beru the next morning. Lit ka daerah , ibas terang wari enggo kenca elah man, pengantin mereken sada amak tayangen man : orangtua si empo, orangtua sisereh, kalimbubu singalo ulu emas ras pinggan perpanganen man anak beru. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme In the certain area , the next morning after having breakfast, the bridegroom gave an amak tayangen to groom’s parents, the bridge’s parents, kalimbubu singalo ulu emas and pinggan perpanganen to anak beru the next morning. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme Lit ka daerah is subject as theme in SL and In the certain area is prepositional phrase as theme. The subject in the clause of SL is nominal group, Lit ka are as modifiers modify daerah. Lit is a subject pronoun in SL. There is a structural shift in translating theme in clause of SL into TL. Text 2 : Rebu in Karonese Society There are some avoidances in practicing rebu in Karonese society. 26.SL. Kata rebu ertina pantang, la metunggung, ilarang, la ijinken ngelakoken sada perbahanen. TL. The word of rebu means taboo, disharmony, forbid, or avoid to do an action. Universitas Sumatera Utara Kata rebu ertina pantang, la metunggung, ilarang, la ijinken ngelakoken sada perbahanen. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The word of rebu taboo, disharmony, forbid, or avoid to do an action. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Kata rebu is nominal group as an unmarked topical theme in the clause 26. It is a nominal group which consists of double nouns, they are ‘word’ and ‘rebu’ but the central idea is rebu, all the rest words in this nominal group are as modifiers. The first nou n “kata” modifies the second noun rebu in Karonese language. In the target language the word of rebu is an unmarked topical theme, it is a nominal group which consists of three modifiers : the, word, and of modify rebu. In translating rebu the researcher must explain it to express the intended meaning. The expression of rebu in Karonese language with its translation “ taboo or social avoidance ‟. Rebu is associated with cultural activity in SL but it does not happen in TL therefore couplets is used. 27.SL. Kalak si ngelanggar larangen e eme kalak si la meteh adat, la ngikuti orat nggeluh ras kalak sibage icakapken jelma si enterem. TL. People who violate the ban are those who do not know the adat and they do not obey the applicable Karonese procedures life and such person will be scorned and despised by many people. Kalak si ngelanggar larangen e eme kalak si la meteh adat, la ngikuti orat nggeluh ras kalak sibage icakapken jelma si enterem. Nominalization as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme People who violate the ban are those who do not know the adat and they do not obey the applicable Karonese procedures life and such person will be scorned and despised by many people. Nominalisation as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Kalak si ngelanggar larangen e is an unmarked topical theme it is nominalization in the clause. The form of this theme is kalak as the head which modified by four post modifiers : si ngelanggar, larangen and e. In the target language it was literally translated to People who violate the ban, it is as an unmarked topical theme. People is the head of who violate the ban which consist of four modifiers modify people. 28.SL.Bagi tutur ermami secara luas kela pe banci anak dilaki turang perbulangan sierdemu ras anak kalimbubu. TL.The same as the kinship term for mami, kela can also mean broadly a son of husbands sister who married the daughter of the spouse of husband and wife. Bagi tutur ermami secara luas kela pe banci anak dilaki turang perbulangan sierdemu ras anak kalimbubu. Conj adjunct Rheme textual theme The same as the kinship term for mami, , kela can also mean broadly a son of husbands sister who married the daughter of the spouse of husband and wife. Conj adjunct Rheme textual theme Bagi tutur ermami secara luas is as a conjunctive adjunct in textual theme. The translation of bagi tutur ermami secara luas in SL is the same as the kinship term for mami in TL as a conjunctive adjunct as textual theme. It is translated with couplets procedure. 29.SL. Ibas kalak Karo enggo ieteh lit rebu : eme sapih-sapih mami ras kela, bengkila ras permain , turangku ras turangku. TL. In Karonese society it has been well known that there are rebu: between mami with kela, between bengkila with permain , between turangku with turangku. Ibas kalak Karo enggo ieteh lit rebu : eme sapih-sapih mami ras kela, bengkila ras permain , turangku ras turangku. prepositional phrase as theme Rheme Universitas Sumatera Utara marked topical theme In Karonese society it has been well known that there are rebu: between mami with kela, between bengkila with permain , between turangku with turangku. prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme The process of translation the marked theme in SL was applied literally. Ibas kalak Karo is a prepositional phrase as marked topical theme and its structural rule is ibas as preposition and followed by a nominal group : Karo as a noun and kalak as an adjective. In the target language the prepositional phrase of In Karonese society as marked a topical theme consists of in as preposition . and followed by Karonese society as a nominal group. a. Rebu sapih Mami ras Kela “ Rebu between Mami and Kela” 30.SL. Tutur ermami eme nande ibas sekalak ndehara ras tutur ermami banci ka nge ndehara mamanta. TL. Kinship term of mami is mother of a man’s wife , and in a broad scope mami is a wife of someone’s mother’s brother. Tutur ermami eme nande ibas sekalak ndehara ras tutur ermami banci ka nge ndehara mamanta. nominalization as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Kinship term of mami is mother of a man’s wife, and in a broad scope mami is a wife of so meone’s mother’s brother. nominalization as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Tutur ermami is a nominal group as an unmarked theme in SL and the kinship term of mami is nominal group as an unmarked theme in TL. In translating tutur ermami the researcher must look for the natural equivalent to express the intended meaning. Tutur ermami in Karonese language and “ mother in law” in English have almost the same meaning and descriptive equivalence procedure is used by the researcher as the translator to transfer the meaning. The Universitas Sumatera Utara form of tutur ermami in SL and in a narrow scope the kinship term of mami in TL are different. Tutur ermami is cultural specific bound term which can be used for denoting the kinship of son in law to his mother in law. In SL the cultural term mother in law has broad scope of meaning but in TL the term mother in law is only used by son in law. In the clause 30 SL, tutur ermami is subject as nominal group and translated it with the kinship term of mami. Both of them are nominalization as unmarked themes. 31.SL. Kata kela eme perbulangen sekalak anak diberu i tengah jabu. TL. The word of kela is the husband of the spouse’s daughter. Kata kela eme perbulangen sekalak anak diberu i tengah jabu. nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The word of kela is the husband of the spouse’s daughter. nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Kata kela is nominal group as an unmarked topical theme in the clause of 31. It consists of double noun. The first noun “kata” modifies the second noun kela in Karonese language. In the target language the word of kela is an unmarked topical theme, it is a nominal group which consists of three modifiers : the, word, and of modify kela. In translating kela the researcher must look for the descriptive equivalent in TL to express the intended meaning. Here expression kela in Karonese language and “ son in law‟ in English have almost the same meaning. In Karonese language kela has the broad meaning, it can be denoted to sisters’ son in law but it doesn’t occur in English. 32.SL. Ope lenga erdemu bayu, anak perana e eme bere-bere , enggo kenca jumpa bere-bere e ras impalna lanai saja ia bere-bere tapi pe enggo kela. Universitas Sumatera Utara TL. Before the marriage, the man was their bere-bere, after their daughters marriage took place, then the man was not only their bere- bere but also as a kela son in law. Ope lenga erdemu bayu, anak perana e eme bere-bere , enggo kenca jumpa bere-bere e ras impalna lanai saja ia bere-bere tapi pe enggo kela. adverbial group as theme Rheme marked topical theme Before the marriage, the man was their bere-bere, after their daughters marriage took place, then the man was not only their bere- bere but also as a kela son in law. adverbial group as theme Rheme marked topical theme Ope lenga erdemu bayu is adverbial group as marked theme and it was translated literally to be before the marriage . There has been the kindship Karonese terms between uncle and Ego. Ego is the uncle’s sister’s son and it is called bere-bere in SL when it was translated into TL it was n ephew sister’s son.

1. Rebu ngerana langsung “ Rebu of talking directly”

Rebu is subject as theme in the SL and followed by verbal group. After process of translating there is the change in the TL. Rebu is subject as theme and followed by prepositional phrase, talking directly. 33.SL Bagi semalna ibas adat Karo rebu adi mami ngerana ras kela tahpe Balikna. TL As usual in adat Karo it is rebu , if mami talks directly to her kela and both directions . Bagi semalna ibas adat Karo rebu adi mami ngerana ras kela tahpe balikna modal adjunct Rheme interpersonal theme As usual in adat Karo it is rebu, if mami talks directly to her kela and both directions . modal adjunct Rheme interpersonal theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Bagi semalna is modal adjunct followed by independent clause ibas adat Karo rebu is independent clause as theme in SL and as usual as modal adjunct followed by independent clause in adat Karo it is rebu in TL. The interpersonal theme in SL was translated by the couplets procedure, they are literally and descriptive equivalence. 34.SL. Alu kata sideban mami ras kela pantang ras ngerana, bagi sekalak anak ras nandena. TL. In other words mami and kela are avoidance to speak directly , such have dialogue as a mother does to her son. Alu kata sideban mami ras kela pantang ras ngerana, bagi sekalak anak ras nandena. prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme In other words mami and kela are avoidance to speak directly , such have dialogue as a mother does to her son. prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme Alu kata sideban is marked theme in prepositional phrase and its translation is in other words as marked theme in TL. Both the themes are at the first position of the clause. It is translated literally. 35.SL. Perbahan la banci ngerana pedempak ayo, harus lit kalak sideban jadi kelang- kelang. TL. Because they can not talk directly, they must use the third person as an intermediary. Perbahan la banci ngerana pedempak ayo , harus lit kalak sideban jadi kelang- kelang. Subordinative Clause as theme Rheme textual theme. Because they can not talk directly they must use the third person as an intermediary. Subordinative Clause as theme Rheme textual theme Universitas Sumatera Utara The literal translation of the textual theme is because they can not talk face to face, but it is better translated with directly and there is additional of subject. The shift occurred in this translation. The subordinative clause as theme in both SL and TL modifies the main clause. In the process of translation there is additional pronoun of they in TL to make the message clearer because the clause usually has a subject in the TL . perbahanen in SL and because in TL are structure element themes as textual theme. 36.SL. Arah kelang-kelang e mami ras kela nehken penungkunen ntah jababna. TL. Through a third person mami and kela convey a message, a question or an answer. Arah kelang-kelang e mami ras kela nehken penungkunen ntah jababna. prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme Through a third person mami and kela convey a message, a question or an answer. prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme The translation process of clause 36 SL into 36 TL was done literally. There are prepositional phrases in these clauses and their positions are at the initial of the clauses, they are as marked theme. 37.SL. Uga carana ia erkomunikasi adi lalit si jadi kelang-kelang janah lit man pesehenken berita si penting. TL. How they communicate if there is a very important thing that must be delivered, and by chance none that can be used as an intermediary. Uga carana ia erkomunikasi adi lalit si jadi kelang- kelang janah lit man pesehenken berita si penting. WH- element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme How they communicate if there is a very important thing that must be delivered, and by chance none that can be used as an intermediary. WH- element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Uga carana is a unmarked Theme in a WH- element, if it is translated literaly , it will be how the ways. In this clause it was translated with how in TL as a unmarked theme in WH- question. How in target language was clear to ask manner in TL means the ways. So the ways was omitted in this clause. Both SL and TL began with question words. 38.SL. Lit dua dalan si banci ibahan. TL. There are two ways that can be done. Lit dua dalan si banci ibahan. Impersonal there as theme Rheme marked topical theme There are two ways that can be done. Impersonal there as theme Rheme marked topical theme Lit in SL and there in TL are pronoun and they are as circumstantial attributive complement as themes. Literal translation procedure was applied. 39.SL. Pemena, kela harus make nina mami. TL. First, kela must use the word nina mami meaning the message of mami Pemena kela harus make nina mami. Cont as theme Rheme textual theme First, kela must use the word nina mami meaning the message of mami Cont as theme Rheme textual theme Pemena is conjunction as textual theme in SL and first is a conjunction as textual theme in TL. It was translated literally. 40.SL. Ras mami ngatakenca nina kela ibas tiap pendungi kalimat. TL. And his mami takes the words nina kela meaning the message of kela in each final sentence that they wish to speak. Ras mami ngatakenca nina kela ibas tiap pendungi kalimat. Cont as theme Rheme textual theme And his mami takes the words nina kela meaning the message of kela in each final sentence Universitas Sumatera Utara that they wish to speak. Cont as theme Rheme textual theme Literal translation procedure was applied. Ras in SL and its translation with and in TL are conjunctive adjunct as textual theme. 41.SL. Alu kata sideban kela harus beloh ngerana ernina mami TL. In other words, kela must be clever to use the words nina mami in speaking to his mami. Alu kata sideban kela harus beloh ngerana ernina mami prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme In other words, kela must be clever to use the words nina mami in speaking to his mami. prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme Literal translation procedure was applied in translating marked theme in SL into TL. .Alu kata sideban in SL and in other words in TL are prepositional phrases as marked theme in both clauses. 42.SL. Bage ka pe mami harus beluh ngerana ernina kela. TL. So does mami, she must be clever to speak nina kela. Bage ka pe mami. harus beluh ngerana ernina kela. modal verb as theme Rheme textual themes So does mami, she must be clever to speak nina kela. modal verb as theme Rheme textual themes Talking by using the words nina kela , they felt that there was no direct communication. The initial theme in the SL clause Bage ka pe mami translated to be So does mami, in the SL theme was followe by modal verb but in the TL theme was followed by pronoun . Both Bage ka pe mami and So does mami are conjunctive adjunct as textual themes. Literal translation procedure was applied in translating textual theme in SL into TL Universitas Sumatera Utara 43.SL. Eak siban sada contoh percakapen antara mami ras kela TL. Well let’s have an example of the dialog between mami and kela Eak siban sada contoh percakapen antara mami ras kela. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Well let’s have an example of the dialog between mami and kela cont as theme Rheme textual theme Eak in SL and Well in TL are continuatives and they are usually at the beginning of the clause. Both of them are used to express to start or to change the topic of dialog. There is no translation of Eak in Karonese language because it doesn’t show the lexical meaning. By saying Eak and Sentabi are conversation opened in SL and they were translated literally with ‘sorry, well, excuse me’ in TL. 44.SL. Kela : Sentabi, nina mami TL. Son in law : Excuse me, nina mami Sentabi , nina mami Modal ajunct Rheme interpersonal themes. Excuse me , nina mami Modal ajunct Rheme interpersonal themes. Literal translation procedure was applied in translating interpersonal theme in SL into TL Sentabi in SL and Excuse me in TL are usually used at the beginning of expression. Sentabi and Excuse me are modal adjuncts as interpersonal themes. 45.SL. Mami : Kai kin ndai , nina Kela? TL. Mother in law : What is going on, nina Kela? Excuse me , nina mami WH-question Rheme unamarked theme Excuse me , nina mami WH-question Rheme unmarked theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Kai and what are the unmarked themes in WH-question of SL and TL, they do not have the same structure. Kin was untranslateable , it is to emphasize the question word in SL. Ndai is adverb of time which preceded by word question kai. In TL there was no question word followed by adverb of time. Both theme have the same meaning but they have different structure rules. 46.SL. Kela : Bagenda , nina mami, adi banci reh kam ku rumah, Nina mami TL. Son in law : Well, nina mami, if it is possible come home soon, nina mami Excuse me , nina mami Continuative Rheme textual theme Excuse me , nina mami Continuative Rheme textual theme Bagenda is continuative in SL as textual theme and it was translated into Well in the TL these relate to the context of speaking that someone was about to continue speaking. Literal translation of Bagenda ‘is like this’ and it doesn’t work to the TL instead it was translated into ‘well’ as to start the speaking. 47.SL. Mami : Kai perluna , nina kela? TL. Mother in law : What for , nina kela? Kai perluna , nina kela? WH-question Rheme unmarked theme What for , nina kela? WH-question Rheme unmarked theme Kai in SL consist of the word question followed by noun as a unmarked theme in a word question, it is translated literally with what .What is a unmarked theme in WH- question. Universitas Sumatera Utara 48.SL. Kela : Anak mami sakit mekelek , nina mami TL. Son in law : Mami ‘s daughter is seriously ill, nina mami Anak mami sakit mekelek , nina mami nominal group as a subject Rheme unmarked theme Mami ‘s daughter is seriously ill, nina mami nominal group as a subject Rheme unmarked theme Anak mami is nominal group as unmarked theme in SL clause and it was translated into Mami ‘s daughter is subject as unmarked theme in TL. Couplers translation procedure was applied in translating unmarked theme in SL into TL 49.SL. Mami : Oe, oe, reh aku metir, nina kela. TL. Mother in law : Well, well, I will come soon, nina kela. Oe, oe, reh aku metir, nina kela. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Well, well, I will come soon, nina kela. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Oe, oe are continuatives in SL and they were translated literally into Well, well in the TL these relate to the context of speaking that someone was about to continue speaking. Oe and well are continuative adjunct as textual theme. 50 .SL. Kela : Eak, nina mami. TL. Son in law : Well, nina mami. Eak, nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Wel l nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Literal translation procedure was applied in translating testual theme in SL into TL. Eak in SL and Well in TL are continuatives as a textual theme and they are usually at the beginning of the clause. Both of them are used to express to Universitas Sumatera Utara start or to change the topic of dialog. There is no translation of Eak in Karonese language because it doesn’t show the lexical meaning. 51.SL. Mami : Ku lebuh guru, nina kela. TL. Mother in law : I will call shaman nina kela. Ku lebuh guru, nina kela. Pronoun as a subject Rheme textual theme I will call shaman nina kela. Pronoun as a subject Rheme textual theme Ku is subject as theme in SL and it was translated into I as theme in TL. Ku has the same meaning as aku but the using of ku shows the offering an action. Ku and I are subjects as pronouns. Couplets translation procedure was applied in translating textual theme in SL into TL 52.SL. Kela : Oe, nina mami. TL. Son in law : All right, nina mami. Oe nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme All right, nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Oe is continuative in SL as textual theme and it was literally translated into all right, in the TL these relate to the context of speaking that someone was about to continue speaking. Both of theme have the same meaning. Oe is the expression of agreeing the opinion or statement. In the area of Kabanjahe district, Simpang Empat District, Berastagi District oe is pronounced ue. 53.SL. Peduaken alu make kai lit deher jadi kelang-kelang tupung ia ngerana. TL. Second by using a thing around them as a mediator while they were having a dialog . Universitas Sumatera Utara Peduaken alu make kai lit deher jadi kelang-kelang tupung ia ngerana cont as theme Rheme textual theme Second y using a thing around them as a mediator while they were having a dialog . cont as theme Rheme textual theme Peduaken is conjunction as textual theme in SL and Second conjunction as textual theme in TL. 54.SL. Umpamana adi je kempuna, e ban jadi kelang-kelang ngerana. TL. For example if there is her grandson, he is used as an intermediary in their conversation. Umpamana yje kempuna. e ban jadi kelang-kelang ngerana. cont as theme Rheme textual theme For example by if there is her grandson, he is used as an intermediary in their conversation. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Both of Umpamana in SL and For example in TL are conjunctive adjuncts as textual themes. 55.SL. Ibas si e arah pudi kalimat harus ibelasken nina kela TL. In this case the end of every sentence that they say must be tagged nina kela, which means you say so son in law Ibas si e arah pudi kalimat harus ibelasken nina kela. preposional phrases Rheme marked theme In this case the end of every sentence that they say must be tagged nina kela, which means you say so son in law. preposional phrases Rheme marked theme Literal translation procedure was applied in translating marked theme in SL into TL. Ibas si e arah pudi kalimat in SL and in this case the end of every sentence that they in TL. Both preposional phrases are as marked themes. Universitas Sumatera Utara In the researcher’s participation observation the using of animate as the medium for their communication is seldom used, instead each uses the word nina : nina mami, nina kela, nina turangku, nina permain or nina bengkila. Here is an example of using tag nindu …. 56.SL. Mami : Kuja nge kam e nina kela? TL. Mother in law : Where are you going ‘say so nina kela? Kuja nge kam e nina kela? WH interrogative Rheme unmarked theme Where are you going ‘say so nina kela? WH interrogative Rheme unmarked theme Kuja nge is WH- element in a WH interrogative as unmarked theme , kuja means where but nge was untranslatable. Nge was to emphasize the question word. Where is the translation of SL theme, it is as unmarked theme in TL. Descriptive equivalence was applied to translated unmarked theme in SL into TL. 57.SL. Kela : Ku sabah teku nina mami TL. Son in law : To rice field nina mami Ku sabah teku nina mami adjunct as themes Rheme marked theme To rice field nina mami adjunct as themes Rheme marked theme Ku was translated literally with To, they are adjunct as themes. Ku has two functions, one as preposition and another one is as noun, ku clause 57 in SL is as preposition. They are as marked themes. 58.SL. Mami : Adi ku sabah kela e ninna kari parikta, nina kela TL. Mother in law : If kela goes to the field, will he please check all of our levees nina kela. Universitas Sumatera Utara Adi ku sabah kela e ninna kari parikta, nina kela Dependend clause Rheme marked theme If kela goes to the field are you going ‘say so’ nina kela Dependend clause Rheme marked theme Literal translation procedure was applied in translating marked theme in SL into TL 59.SL. Mami : Adi sempat kari kela buatken entah empat ah nurung TL. Mother in law : If kela has time, please catch four our gold fish from our field nina kela. Adi sempat kari kela buatken entah empat ah nurung emas bas payanta nina kela. Dependend clause Rheme marked theme If kela has time please catch four our gold fish from our field nina kela. Dependend clause Rheme marked theme There is the shift structure in the process of translating theme in SL into theme in TL. Adi sempat kari kela consists of adi means if and followed by sempat means have time and kari means later. If it was translated literarly it did not work because it does not show the same context and meaning. The themes of SL and TL clauses 58 and 59 are marked and TL clauses 58 and 59 are marked themes in dependent clauses. Ta is the custom of Karonese society to express the togetherness of owness, such as payanta , our ‘pond’, expect the wife or the husband it is not said diberunta means our wife or dilakinta means our husband. Both sentences have dependent clauses as themes. Ku and sempat are marked themes and kela in both clauses are as marked themes. When the Universitas Sumatera Utara sentence is started with subordinate clause, it is as the marked theme and the main clause is as rheme. 60.SL. Kela : Banci ku buat janah kababa kari ku rumah nina mami. TL. Son in law : Well, Ill soon catch them and bring them to our house nina mami. Banci ku buat janah kababa kari ku rumah nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Well , Ill soon catch them and bring them to our house nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Banci in SL was translated literally with Well in TL, they are continueties as textual themes. They are usually used at the beginning of the clause.

2. Rebu si tendengen

“ Rebu of body touching” The process of translating rebu sitendengen, rebu is as the theme followed by particle si, and in TL rebu was followed by prepositional phrase and preposition was added in the TL. 61.SL. Rebu si peduaken eme sapih mami ras kela la banci si tendengen TL. The second rebu is body touching between mami and kela Rebu si peduaken eme sapih mami ras kela la banci si tendengen. heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme The second rebu is body touching between mami and kela . heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Rebu si peduaken and the second rebu are subjects as unmarked themes . In SL the head are followed by modifiers, si and peduaken are postmodifiers but in TL the head are precended by the modifiers, the second are premodifiers. Rebu Universitas Sumatera Utara in TL was not translated because it needed l engthy explaination as Newmark’s descriptive translation procedure of translation proposed. 62.SL. Tambahen rebu, e man kemelanken adi sempat mami ras kela sitendengen. TL. Besides rebu they were also very embarrassed and humiliated if mami and kela had body touching. Tambahen rebu, e man kemelanken adi sempat mami ras kela sitendengen. Conjunctive as theme Rheme marked topical theme Besides rebu they were also very embarrassed and humiliated if mami and kela had body touching. Conjunctive as theme Rheme marked topical theme Literal translation procedure was applied in translating marked theme in SL into TL. Tambahen and besides are conjunctive adjunct as marked themes in SL and TL clauses. 63.SL. Janah icakapken kalak ula bagi si anu, la tehna rebu kuitna mamina. TL. And people will be mocking him into the topic of conversation : Don’t be like John , he doesn’t know the customs and he doesn’t know rebu either, because he held his mami. Janah icakapken kalak ula bagi si anu, la tehna rebu kuitna mamina. Cont as theme Rheme marked topical theme And people will be mocking him into the topic of conversation : Don’t be like John , he doesn’t know the customs and he doesn’t know rebu either, because he held his mami. Cont as theme Rheme marked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Janah is continuative adjuct in SL and it was translated literally into and, in the TL these relate to the context of speaking that someone was about to continue speaking. 64.SL. Tapi adi terpaksa, misalna sakit mekelek, mami banci ndadap kelana ntahpe balikna, alu melasken sentabi. TL. But if there is a must , such as severe ill, mami can touch his kela or both directions firstly by saying sentabi which means sorry. Tapi adi terpaksa, misalna sakit mekelek, mami banci ndadap kelana ntahpe balikna, alu melasken sentabi. conjunctive adjunct Rheme textual theme But if there is a must , such as severe ill, mami can touch his kela or both directions firstly by saying sentabi which means sorry. conjunctive adjunct Rheme textual theme Tapi was literarly translated with but, they are conjunctive adjunct as themes and both of them followed by dependent clauses. Tapi and but are conjunction adjuncts as textual themes. 65.SL. Karena si e banci imaklumi kalak, malah ianjurken pe labo lit kalak mpediat mami ntah kelana mate bage saja adi lit mara, la isampati erkiteken rebu. TL. Such case may be understandable even encouraged by the community, because none let his mami or her kela would have an a severe accident or illness, without helping her or him because of rebu touching. Karena si e n banci imaklumi kalak, malah ianjurken pe labo lit kalak mpediat mami ntah kelana mate bage saja adi lit mara, la isampati erkiteken rebu. Nominalisation as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Such case ban may be understandable even encouraged by the community, because none let his mami or her kela would have an a severe accident or illness, without helping her or him because of rebu touching. Nominalisation as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Karena si e is conjunctive adjunct as textual theme in SL and it was translated literally with Such case is subjec conjunctive adjunct as textual theme in TL. 66.SL. Perlu iantusi maka mami ningen, e me bali ras nande kela ntah kela ningen, e bali ras anak mami TL. It is necessary to know that mami is basically the mother of kela; and kela is a child who loved by mami. Perlu iantusi maka mami ningen, e me bali ras nande kela ntah kela ningen, e bali ras anak mami touching. adjective as theme Rheme marked topical theme It is necessary to know that mami is basically the mother of kela; and kela is a child who loved by mami. Impersonal it as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Perlu iantusi is adverbial group in SL as marked theme and it is necessary to know is impersonal it followed by to be , adjective and verb infinitive in TL. It is subject of predicator be is as theme in TL. The subject in this sentence is in the second clause, that is mami. It is necessary is as unmarked theme. 67.SL. Adi sekalak nande enggo erkela janah ia tading ras serumahen, sekalak nande rusur reh nina man anakna sidiberu : “enggo me nda pesikap kena nakan kela?.” TL. If a mother has a kela and they are still living together , a mother always says to her daughter: have you prepared meals and drinks for my kela? Adi sekalak nande enggo erkela janah ia tading ras serumahen, kal sekalak nande rusur reh nina man anakna sidiberu : “ enggo me nda pesikap kena nak an kela?” dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme If a mother has a kela and they are still living together to a mother always says to her daughter: have you prepared meals and drinks for my kela? structure theme Rheme textual theme Universitas Sumatera Utara In SL Adi sekalak nande enggo erkela janah ia tading ras serumahen, in the TL If a mother has a kela and they are still living together are marked themes in dependent clauses. 68.SL. Ntah adi man atena, ras paska la i rumah kelana tentu sungkunna : “Enggo me kela man?”. TL. Or if they want to have meal, and by chance her kela is not there , of course it will be asked : has my kela eaten ? Ntah adi man atena, ras paska la i rumah kelana tentu sungkunna : “Enggo me kela man?”. conjunctive adjuncts Rheme textual theme Or if they want to have meal, and by chance her kela is not there , of course it will be asked : has my kela eaten ? conjunctive adjuncts Rheme Textual theme The dependent clauses of both SL and TL Ntah and Or were put in the initial of sentences. Ntah and or are conjunctive adjuncts. 69.SL. Adi ialoi anakna: enggo ku pesikap, nde Ntah kelandu enggo man nda” emaka enggo ntabeh kap mami man. TL. If her daughter replied: I have provided it, your kela has already eaten earlier then mami has meal comfortably. Adi ialoi anakna : : enggo ku pesikap, nde Ntah kelandu enggo man nda” emaka enggo ntabeh kap mami man. dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme If her daughter replied : : I have provided it, your kela has already eaten earlier then mami has meal comfortably. dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme The dependent clauses of both SL and TL adi ialoi anakna and if her daughter replied were put in the initial of sentences. Theme in SL and theme in TL is different. It is marked theme for SL and marked theme for TL. 3. Rebu kundul petala-tala “ Rebu of sitting face to face” Universitas Sumatera Utara In Karonese language Rebu kundul petala-tala consists of noun followed by verb. In TL there should be additional preposition of between noun and verb. Its translation is rebu of sitting face to face. 70.SL. Rebu si peteluken sapih mami ras kela kundul petala-tala, sinihenen duana. TL. The third rebu is between mami and kela sitting face to face , oppose each other with a sharp looking. Rebu si peteluken sapih mami ras kundul petala-tala, sinihenen duana. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The third rebu is between mami and kela sitting face to face , oppose each other with a sharp looking. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Rebu si peteluken sapih mami ras kela is heavy subject as unmarked theme in SL and The third rebu is between mami and kela is heavy subject as unmarked theme in TL. 71.SL. Sekalak kela si meteh adat , tehna mereha mungkuk ia adi ngerana ntah jumpa ras mamina TL. A kela who knows adat, knows good manners would bow his head and look down if he talks or meets with his mami. Sekalak kela si meteh adat tehna mereha mungkuk ia adi ngerana ntah jumpa ras mamina. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme A kela who knows adat , knows good manners would bow his head and look down if he talks or meets with his mami. A kela who knows adat Rheme A kela who knows adat Sekalak kela si meteh adat , is heavy subject as unmarked theme in SL and A kela who knows his adat is subject as unmarked theme in the TL. When the clause is started with main clause, it is as the unmarked theme and the subordinate clause is as rheme. Universitas Sumatera Utara 72.SL. Sekalak kela si meteh adat, la pang reh man ku rumah adi mamina ngenca sisada i rumah; apaika adi jumpa ntah medem i rumah la lalit jelma si deban ije, sura-surana e ugapape iorongkenna. TL. A kela who knows adat , will not dare to come home to eat if there is only his mami alone unaccompanied by another person; especially such meeting or staying. If no one else there, that intention will be postponed by the kela. Sekalak kela si meteh adat, , la pang reh man ku rumah adi mamina ngenca sisada i rumah; apaika adi jumpa ntah medem i rumah la lalit jelma si deban ije, sura-surana e ugapape iorongkenna. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme A kela who knows adat will not dare to come home to eat if there is only his mami alone unaccompanied by another person; especially such meeting or staying. If no one else there, that intention will be postponed by the kela. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Both clauses 72 SL and 72 TL, Sekalak kela si meteh adat in SL and A kela who knows adat , in TL are subject as unmarked themes. 4. Rebu kundul bas sada amakpapan “ Rebu of sitting on the same matboard” Rebu as the theme followed by verbial group but rebu in target language is followed by prepositional phrase. 73.SL. Lit rebu si deban antara mami ras kela kudul ibas sada lembar amak entah sada papan la erkelang. TL. The other rebu is found between mami and kela is sitting on a mat or a board with no other people who is sitting between them. Lit rebu si deban antara mami ras kela kudul ibas sada lembar amak entah sada papan la erkelang. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The other rebu found between mami and kela is sitting on a mat or a board with no other people who is sitting between them. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Lit rebu si deban antara mami ras kela is heavy subject as theme and The other rebu found between mami and kela is the heavy subject as theme. 74.SL. Ibas cakap Karo igelari amak . amak lit ka piga-piga erbage lit amak cur eme melinang sibiasana ipake ingan kundul temue si mehaga , lit ka amak mbelang, e ipaka ingan kundul jelma si enterem. TL. In Karonese language is called amak, there are many kinds of amak such as amak cur that is smooth and small mat which is usually used to sit by honor people, and there amak mbelang, that is wide mat is used for sitting for general guests. Ibas cakap Karo igelari amak . amak lit ka piga-piga erbage lit amak cur eme melinang sibiasana ipake ingan kundul temue si mehaga , lit ka amak mbelang, e ipaka ingan kundul jelma si enterem. prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme In Karonese language is called amak, there are many kinds of amak such as amak cur that is smooth and small mat which is usually used to sit by honor people, and there amak mbelang, that is wide mat is used for sitting for general guests. prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme Ibas cakap Karo in SL translated literally with in Karonese language. Both of theme as prepositional phrases as themes. 75.SL. Rumah adat Karo igelari pe rumah si waluh jabu iingani waloh jabu biasana jabuna papan. TL. Karonese Adat house which has wooden floor is also called rumah si waloh jabu settled by 8 families. Rumah adat Karo igelari pe rumah si waluh jabu iingani waloh jabu biasana jabuna papan. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Karonese Adat house which has wooden floor is also called rumah si waloh jabu settled by 8 families. heavy subject as theme Rheme Universitas Sumatera Utara unmarked topical theme Rumah adat Karo igelari pe rumah si waluh jabu is heavy subject as unmarked theme in SL and Karonese Adat house which has wooden floor is heavy subject as unmarked theme in TL. 76.SL. Rebu adi mami ras kela kundul ras ibas sada papan i rumah sijabu papan, adi lalit kalak sideban kundul jadi kelang-kelangna. TL. It is rebu for kela and mami if they sit together on a sheet board , if no one else, which is considered as an intermediary sitting in between them. Rebu adi mami ras kela kundul ras ibas sada papan i rumah sijabu papan, adi lalit kalak sideban kundul jadi kelang-kelangna. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme It is rebu for kela and mami If they sit together on a sheet board , if no one else, which is considered as an intermediary sitting in between them. Impersonal it as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Rebu adi mami ras kela is subject as theme it is rebu for kela and mami if is heavy subject as unmarked theme. 77.SL. I datas papan e amak dikimbangken ingan kundul. TL. Mat is spread on the wooden floor for sitting place. I datas papan e amak dikimbangken ingan kundul. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme Mat is spread on the wooden floor for sitting place. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme I datas papan e amak is adjunct as marked theme in SL and it was translated with mat is subject as unmarked theme in TL. In translating theme in the clause of SL, there was the shift of group level, prepositional phrase to nominal group. Universitas Sumatera Utara 78.SL. Aminpe amak enggo ikimbangken, harus iperdiateken gelah mami ras kela ula kundul sada papan seakatan adi lit kalak sideban kundul i kelang- kelangna. TL. Although the mats have been laid, it had to be considered in order mami and kela did not sit on the same board with no other people who was sitting among them. Aminpe amak enggo ikimbangken, harus iperdiateken gelah mami ras kela ula kundul sada papan seakatan adi lit kalak sideban kundul i kelang- kelangna. continuative adjunct Rheme Textual theme Although the mats have been laid , it had to be considered in order mami and kela did not sit on the same board with no other people who was sitting among them. continuative adjunct Rheme Textual theme Aminpe is continuative adjunct and it was translated with Although as textual theme. b. Rebu sapih bengkila ras permain “ Rebu between bengkila and permain“ 79.SL. Bengkila eme bapa perbulangan sekalak ndehara” ras banci ka alu pengertin sideban bengkila eme perbulangan bibi sekalak perbulangen. TL. Bengkila means narrowly father of the husband’s wife, and it means broadly the husband of a fathers sister. Bengkila eme bapa perbulangan sekalak ndehara” ras banci ka alu pengertin sideban bengkila eme perbulangan bibi sekalak perbulangen. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Bengkila means narrowly father of the husband’s wife, and it means broadly the husband of a fathers sister. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Both unmarked themes of SL and TL clauses are Bengkila as subject, Bengkila was translated literarly with father in law but culturally it has other broad natural meanings. 80.SL. Erti si pemena, hubungen e terjadi erkiteken lit na perjabun, adi lalit perjabun labo lit hubungen sapih bengkila ras permain Universitas Sumatera Utara TL. The first meaning, the relationship occurs because of marriage, if there is no marriage, there will not be the relationship between bengkila and permain either. Erti si pemena hubungen e terjadi erkiteken lit na perjabun, adi lalit perjabun labo lit hubungen sapih bengkila ras permain Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The first meaning, the relationship occurs because of marriage, if there is no marriage, there will not be the relationship between bengkila and permain either. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Erti si pemena is subject as unmarked theme in SL and it was literally translated with the first meaning is subject as unmarked theme. The theme in SL consists of two post-modifiers modifiy erti as the head. The theme in TL consists of two pre-modifiers modify meaning as the head. Both themes are nominal groups in the clauses. 81.SL. Ibas hubungen sibagenda istilah bengkila biasa iganti alu ajinta. TL. In this relationship the term bengkila was replaced with ajinta. Ibas hubungen sibagenda the istilah bengkila biasa iganti alu ajinta. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme In this relationship the the term bengkila was replaced with ajinta. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme Ibas hubungen sibagenda is adjunct as marked theme in SL and it was literally translated with in this relationship as marked theme in TL. 82.SL. Ibas pengertin sipeduaken, hubungen darehpe ikut erbahan hubungen bengkila-permain, amin pe lenga lit perjabun ibas anakna nari. TL. In the second meaning, the blood relationship was helped to bridge the relationship bengkila-permain, do not hold a first marriage with their son. Ibas pengertin sipeduaken, hubungen darehpe ikut erbahan Universitas Sumatera Utara hubungen bengkila-permain, amin pe lenga lit perjabun ibas anakna nari. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme In the second meaning, the blood relationship was helped to bridge the relationship bengkila-permain, do not hold a first marriage with their son. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme The theme of SL Ibas pengertin sipeduaken has the same theme with In the second meaning, both are adjuncts as marked themes. It is prepositional phrase, its structural rule is preposition of in followed by nominal group of second meaning. 83.SL. Adi enggo lit hubungen dareh janah ipeteguhika alu perjabun, maka reh teguhna perkade-kadenna. TL. If there was the blood relationship and it was reinforced by marriage , so the more strengthen the familial relationships. Adi enggo lit hubungen dareh janah ipeteguhika alu perjabun maka reh teguhna perkade-kadenna. dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme If there was the blood relationship and it was reinforced by marriage , so the more strengthen the familial relationships. dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme Adi enggo lit hubungen dareh janah ipeteguhika alu perjabun is dependent clause as theme in SL and was translated with If there was the blood relationship and it was reinforced by marriage is dependent clause as theme in the clause. Both of the themes are marked themes. 84.SL. Perjabun sibagenda rupana me si usur iarapken orangtua TL. This kind of marriage is the dream of elders. Perjabun sibagenda rupana me si usur iarapken orangtua Universitas Sumatera Utara Heavy subjet as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Perjabun sibagenda rupana me si usur iarapken orangtua Heavy subjet as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Perjabun sibagenda rupana me is a heavy subject as an unmarked theme and it was literally translated with this kind of marriage is a heavy subject as an unmarked theme. 85.SL. Permain ibas kalak Karo, ertina ndehara anak sidilaki” TL. Permain in Karonese society, means wife of a son. Permain ibas kalak Karo ertina ndehara anak sidilaki”. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Permain in Karonese society, , means wife of a son. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The nominal group of Permain ibas kalak Karo in SL was translated with Permain in Karonese society. The procedure of translating Permein ibas kalak Karo is by couplets, namely transposition and descriptive equivalence. Permain in this clause had narrow meaning, it focused only on daughter in law. If we translated permain in SL with ‘daughter in law’, it had the different context of meaning. Permain ibas kalak Karo in SL and permain in Karonese society in TL are nominalization as unmarked themes. 86.SL. Bali nge ras bengkila , permain banci ka nge anak diberu ntah pe anak dilaki ibas jabu turang ndehara. TL. The same as bengkila, permain can also mean wife’s brothers daughters or sons. Bali nge ras bengkila , permain banci ka nge anak diberu ntah pe anak dilaki ibas jabu turang ndehara. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara The same as bengkila, permain can also mean wife’s brothers daughters or sons . Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Bali nge ras bengkila in SL was translated with the same as bengkila in TL , nge in SL was untranslatable, it is as an emphasis for a lexical category of noun in this clause. Permain is closely related to the word bengkila more broadly. Bengkila is the father of husband, it could be also the father in law’s brothers. They were the relationship between bengkila and permain. The practicing of rebu among kela and mami also happened at the same kinds of rebu among bengkila and permain. Basically the applicable rebu between mami and kela , applies also in relation bengkila and permain, namely: a. rebu of talking directly without a third person of intermediary b. rebu of body touching. c. rebu of sitting on a mat or a board if no one else is sitting between them d. rebu of sitting face to face The using of the word nina also exists in the dialog between bengkila and permain: permain used the expression of nina bengkila means bengkila said so, using the expression “nina permain “ daughter in law said so” if they have to communicate without a third person as an intermediary. 87.SL. Seterusna perlu ieteh maka bengkila ras permain la banci seri mergana, ia arus beda mergana . TL. Furthermore it is necessary to know that bengkila and the permain may not have the same clan, they have different clans. Seterusna perlu ieteh maka bengkila ras permain la banci seri mergana, ia harus beda mergana. conj as theme Rheme Universitas Sumatera Utara textual theme Furthermore it is necessary to know that bengkila and the permain may not have the same clan, they have different clans. conj as theme Rheme textual theme Seterusna in SL is a conjunctive adjunct as theme followed by adjective group of perlu ieteh and was translated with Furthermore is continuity as theme followed by impersonal it, it is necessary to know. 88.SL. Em sebabna adi perbulangen permain mate, secara adat Karo mengizinken tutur bengkilana, eme salah sada senina bengkilana nggantiken sienggo idilo dibata jadi perbulangenna. TL. That is why if the husband of permain died, Karonese adat permited one of her bengkila ’s brother to marry her instead of her dead husband. Em sebabna adi perbulangen permain mate secara adat Karo mengizinken tutur bengkilana, eme salah sada senina bengkilana nggantiken sienggo idilo dibata jadi perbulangenna. conjunctive adjuncts Rheme textual themes. That is why if the husband of permain died Karonese adat permited one of her bengkila ’s brother to marry her instead of her dead husband. conjunctive adjuncts. Rheme textual themes. Em sebabna is nominal group as subject followed by dependent clause 88 in SL adi perbulangen permain mate, and that is why is nominal group as theme and followed by dependent clause if the husband of permain died. Em sebabna and that is why are conjunctive adjuncts as textual themes. 89.SL. Perjabun sibagenda ibas cakap Karo ikataken lako man ntah lako mangan. TL. Marriage like this in Karonese language is called lako man or lako mangan. Universitas Sumatera Utara Perjabun sibagenda ibas cakap Karo ikataken lako man ntah lako mangan. heavy subjects as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Marriage like this in Karonese language is called lako man or lako mangan. heavy subjects as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Both Perjabuna sibagenda ibas cakap ras Kalak Karo and Marriage like this in Karonese language and society are heavy subjects as unmarked themes. 1. Rebu ibas kalak si sierturangku” Rebu between turangku and turangku ” The practicing of rebu for those who are erturangku means both participants men and women are as turangku, erturangku is the kinship term for a participant is called turangku and vice verse. 90.SL. Turangku lit dua pengertinna , tergantung dilaki entah diberu sierturangku. TL. Turangku has two meanings, it depends on the sex who has Turangku. Turangku lit dua pengertinna , tergantung dilaki entah diberu sierturangku. subjects as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Turangku has two meanings, it depends on the sex who has Turangku. subjects as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Turangku is subject as unmarked theme in SL and it is untranslatable so the term Turangku is still used in TL. The lengthy explaination was needed to describe the meaning of turangku. Both of the subjects are as unmarked themes. 91.SL. Adi dilaki si turangku maka turangkuna eme ndehara silihna. TL. If a man has turangku, then his turangku are wivies of his wife’s brothers. Universitas Sumatera Utara Adi dilaki si turangku maka turangkuna eme ndehara silihna . Dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme If a man has turangku, then his turangku are wivies of his wife’s brothers. Dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme 92.SL. Adi diberu si erturangku , maka turangkuna eme perbulangen edana TL. If a woman has turangku, then her turangku are husbands of her husband’s sisters. Adi diberu si erturangku maka turangkuna eme perbulangen edana. Dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme If a woman has turangku , then her turangku are husbands of her husband’s sisters. Dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme From clauses 91 and 92 , themes may be realized by dependent clauses as marked themes. By analyzing the characteristic of these dependent clauses , that they appear in initial of a clause and supported by rhemes in each sentences, either in SL and TL. When the sentence is started with subordinate clause, it is as the marked theme and the main clause is as rheme. 93.SL. Kalak sierturangku harus berlainan jenis TL. People who are erturangku must have different gender. Kalak sierturangku harus berlainan jenis heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme People who are erturangku must have different gender. heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Kalak sierturangku in SL and people who are erturangku in TL are as heavy themes in the clauses 93, the heads are kalak in SL and people in TL. They were modified by sierturangku and erturangku. Those who are turangku have different gender. Universitas Sumatera Utara The participants of rebu are mami and kela , bengkila and permain and turangku and turangku. They practice not talking directly without any third person as an intermediary. They avoid to touch their body and sit face to face. They avoided to sit on the same mat or broad if there is no one sitting in between them. 94.SL. Perlu sieteh bagi si enggo singetken nda duana kalak sierturangku harus ngerana make kata nina turangku, adi ngerana lalit kalak sideban je sebagai perantara. TL. It is necessary to know as what have been mentioned that those who were erturangku had to use the words nina turangku which means turangku says so, if they talk to each other, without a third person as intermediary. Perlu sieteh bagi si enggo singetken nda duana kalak sierturangku harus ngerana make kata nina turangku, adi ngerana lalit kalak sideban je sebagai perantara. Impersonal subject Rheme interpersonal theme It is necessary to know as what have been mentioned that those who were erturangku use the words nina turangku which means turangku says so, if they talk to each other, without a third person as intermediary. Impersonal subject Rheme interpersonal theme Perlu sieteh is thematised comment as theme in SL and was literally translated with It is necessary is thematised comment as theme in TL. Perlu sieteh in SL are adverbial group as marked theme and It is necessary is impersonal subject as interpersonal theme in TL. 95.SL. Terdauhen, perlu ka eteh maka kalak si erturangku banci seri mergana ntah banci kang la seri. TL. Furthermore , it should be also known that people who were erturangku might have the same clan, and perhaps they have a different clan. Terdauhen, perlu ka eteh maka kalak si erturangku banci seri mergana ntah banci kang la seri. conjunctive adjunct Rheme textual theme Furthermore it should be also known that people who were erturangku might have the same clan, and perhaps they have a different clan. Universitas Sumatera Utara conjunctive adjunct Rheme textual theme Terdauhen is conjunctive adjunct as the theme in the clause of SL, and furthermore is conjunctive adjunct as the theme of TL. Theme in SL has equivalence in TL of this clause. 96.SL. Ibas kalak Karo lit telu erbage rebu, eme antara mami ras kela, rebu antara bengkila ras permain, rebu ras si erturangku TL. There are three kinds of rebu in Karonese society, namely: Rebu between mami and kela, Rebu bengkila and permain, Rebu turangku and turangku. Ibas kalak Karo lit telu erbage rebu, eme antara mami ras kela, rebu antara bengkila ras permain, rebu ras si erturangku heavy subject Rheme marked topical theme There are three kinds of rebu in Karonese society, namely: Rebu between mami and kela, Rebu bengkila and permain, Rebu turangku and turangku. Subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Ibas kalak Karo is prepositional phrase as marked theme in SL and There is circumstantial attributive complement as unmarked theme in TL. There is the change of theme in the process of translating SL into TL in clause 96. The position of adjunct is used in the initial of the clause whereas the translated in the TL was used after circumstance of there. 97.SL. Rebu emekap antara sidilaki ras sidiberu. TL. Rebu occurs between male and female. Rebu emekap antara sidilaki ras sidiberu. Noun as a subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Rebu occurs between male and female. heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Both subjects of SL and TL are Rebu as theme, rebu was not translated into the TL because it is untranslatable cultural term it should be explained as it was done previously. 98.SL. Ibas pengakapta tua-tua sindube ngelitken rebu enda gelah ise sirebu harus saling sihangken, siergaan sada ras sidebanna . TL. In our opinion, in the past the ancestors applied rebu in order the two participants respect each other. Ibas pengakapta tua-tua sindube ngelitken rebu enda gelah ise sirebu harus saling sihangken, siergaan sada ras sidebanna. Modal adjunct Rheme interpersonal theme In our opinion , in the past the ancestors applied rebu in order the two participants respect each other. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme interpersonal theme Ibas pengakapta is adjunct as interpersonal theme in SL and In our opinion, rebu is modal adjunct as interpersonal marked theme in TL. 99.SL. Alu bage maka jarak antara si rebu tetap terjaga, emaka la turah ukur kalak erbahan sila mehuli. TL. So the relationship between the participants of rebu keep distant, therefore adultery does not happen. Alu bage maka jarak antara si rebu tetap terjaga, emaka la turah ukur kalak erbahan sila mehuli. conjunctive adjuct as theme Rheme textal theme So the relationship between the participants of rebu keep distant, therefore adultery does not happen. conjunctive adjuct as theme Rheme textual theme Alu bage is as conjunctive adjuct and was translated with So is conjunctive adjuct as theme in TL. They are as textual themes. 100.SL. Antara mami ras kela, bengkila ras permain, turangku ras turangku, seri nge rebuna, rebu ngerana langsung la lit jadi perkelang , rebu Universitas Sumatera Utara sitendengen, rebu kundul petala-tala. TL. Rebu between mami and kela, bengkila and permain, turangku and turangku, are same , they are rebu when they talk directly without a third person as an intermediary, rebu of body touching, rebu sitting face to face Antara mami ras kela, bengkila ras permain, turangku ras turangku, , seri nge rebuna, rebu ngerana langsung la lit jadi perkelang , rebu sitendengen, rebu kundul petala-tala. heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Among mami and kela, bengkila and permain, turangku ras turangku, , are same , they are rebu when they talk directly without a third person as an intermediary, rebu of body touching, rebu sitting face to face. heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Antara mami ras kela, bengkila ras permain, turangku ras turangku, is prepositional phrase as marked theme in SL and was translated with Rebu between mami and kela, bengkila and permain, turangku and turangku, is heavy subject as unmarked theme in TL. Text 3 : Data collected from participation observations 1. Dialog of rebu in Karonese society The researcher observed the participants who were practicing rebu . The data were recorded at the wedding ceremony and the dialog of rebu while the researcher was at his and his relative’s house . The participants of rebu could not be asked to practice rebu, because it was impolite . The dialog of rebu occurred naturally somewhere if they met and while having a certain ceremony. 101.SL. Ego kela : La kuakap turangku ah mabasa kreta ah ndai. TL. Son in law Ego : I think turangku doesn’t ride the motorbike. Universitas Sumatera Utara La kuakap turangku ah mabasa kreta ah ndai. modal adjunct Rheme interpersonal themes. I Think turangku doesn’t ride the motorbike Theme Rheme Rheme interpersonal theme La kuakap means I don’t think, la means no and kuakap was translated with I think in TL. The theme of clause 101 SL, Ego proposed his opinion about who was the rider of his turangku’s motorcycle, the dialogue was going on in Egos’s house. The dialogue was between Ego, Ego’s wife and his mami. The SL la can be applied in negative and positive clauses. La kuakap in SL was translated with I do not think in TL, the structure rules of the theme in SL clause consist of la as finite and followed by ku personal noun as subject and akap as verb whereas in TL it consists of personal noun, finite and verb. There are differences of rules structure of theme in SL and TL. La SL is as finite which can be applied in negative and declarative sentences, it was translated with no in TL. There are some differences between la and no. La can be followed by pronoun, preposition and verb. Whereas no is applied after auxiliary or modal and followed by a verb. The position of not in SL is used after auxiliary or modal. La kuakap is SL and I do not think in TL are modal adjunct as interpersonal themes. 102.SL. Mother in law : Lang ningen pak kela , latehsa makesa ningen. TL. Mother in law : No , say so to kela , she doesn’t know how to ride it, ningen. Lang ningen pak kela , latehsa makesa ningen, Cont as theme Rheme textual theme No, say so to kela she doesn’t know to ride it, ningen. Universitas Sumatera Utara cont as theme Rheme textual theme The clause 101 in SL, Ego kela : La kuakap turangku ah mabasa kreta ah ndai.? La kuakap means I don’t think, la means no and kuakap was translated with I think in TL. The theme of clause 101, Ego proposed his opinion about who was the rider of his turangku’s motorcycle, the dialog was going on in Egos’s house. The dialog was between Ego, Ego’s wife and his mami. The SL la can be applied in negative and positive clauses. La is marked theme in interrogative clause. La SL is as finite which can be applied in negative and declarative sentences, it was translated with no in TL. There are some differences between la and no. La can be followed by pronoun, preposition and verb. Whereas no is applied after auxiliary or modal and followed by a verb. The position of not in SL is used after auxiliary or modal. La kuakap is SL and I do not think in TL are modal themes. La was used in negative clause 101 and it was responded by his mother in law by saying , lang in SL clause 102 SL was translated with no in TL . No, say so to kela as theme, no as head and followed by post modifier of verbial group. It is common to say lang in SL means negation and followed by modifiers. After talking about the motorcycle the researcher and his wife wanted to see his wife’s sister by saying : 103.SL. Ego Kela : Mami uga ikut ia ku rumah Warna? TL. Son in law Ego : What about mami will she join us to go to Warna’s house? Mami uga ikut ia ku rumah Warna? Nominal group as theme Rheme Universitas Sumatera Utara unmarked topical theme What about mami will she join us to go to Warna’s house? WH – element Rheme unmarked topical theme Mami is subject as unmarked theme in SL and was translated with what about mami? There was the shift structure, in translating mami uga? The clause was the continuity of the obvious expression and it was continued by expression ‘what about mami?’ In this case the meaning of this question was about to ask his mami w hether she would join them to go to Warna’s house. What is as unmarked Theme in WH-elment in TL is an unmarked theme. 104.SL. Mother in law : Jenda saja ningen pak kela e TL. Mother in law : I am here say so to kela. Jenda saja ningen pak kela e pronoun as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme I am here say so to kela. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme If Jenda saja was translated literarly, I just stay here but it was translated with I am here, his mami explained that sh e prefered to stay at Ego’s house. Jenda is as unmarked theme in SL and it was translated with impersonal pronoun here. The clause of 104 in TL has the subject I as unmarked theme. Text : 4 The researcher and his wife went to see his relatives, and found his senina ’s parents there. They had the dialog : 105.SL. Ego : Ma sehat nge, pa? TL. Ego : Are well sir? Ma sehat nge,pa? YesNo question as theme Rheme Universitas Sumatera Utara unmarked topical theme Are you well sir? YesNo question as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Ma is yesno question in SL and was translated with , Are you in TL. Both themes are different syntactically, ma translated literarly are and sehat with well, and nge in SL is untranslatable. The structure rule of theme in clause no 105a finite are followed by adjective ‘well’ and nge as particle. Polar interrogative can be found in the clause 105 SL, from the table 4.5 it can be shown that Ma is yesno question in SL and was translated with , Are you in TL. Finite are in TL is used and followed by adjective in the present tense. The structure rules of SL and TL in clause 105 are different, as follows : Finite + adjective in a polar interrogative clause in TL Finite + subject in a polar interrogative clause in TL 106.SL. Bapa :Bagenda nari nge si sehatna, nak. TL. Bapa : Here is the best condition of my health. Bagenda nari nge si sehatna, nak. Impersonal Bagenda as theme Rheme Marked Theme Here is the best condition of my health Impersonal here as theme Rheme marked Theme Bagenda was translated with here as unmarked theme in SL. Bagenda and here are subjects as unmarked theme, if Bagenda is translated leterally, it will be ‘like this’ but in this clause the speaker would like to inform his condition therefore it was translated with ‘here’, as to show the condition of his body. In clause 106 TL , the word here was considered as the topical theme in TL. 107.SL. Bapa : Ku rumahken , uga maka ko melaun ku jenda, ras Universitas Sumatera Utara permen e?. TL. Ego’s father : Come in , why do you come here so late , with this permain? Ku rumahken uga maka ko melaun ku jenda, ras permen e?. Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Come in , why do you come here so late , with this permain? Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Ku rumahken is adjunct as imperative in SL, it consist of preposition followed by noun suffex –ken. Noun plus suffix –ken, forms the imperative in SL. Ku rumahken and come in are imperative as unmarked theme, ku rumahken is prepositional phrase as imperative and was translated with come in as imperative. Both have the same meaning but they have different structure.. 108.SL. Ego : Sibuk aku sangana gungari, pa TL. Ego : I am busy right now, sir. Sibuk aku sangana gungari, pa. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme I am busy right now, sir. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Sibuk aku is subject as nominal group and was translated with I am busy. Sibuk aku consist of adjective plus noun and ‘I’ is subject as unmarked theme and followed to be and adjective ‘am busy’. The lexical category of I is pronoun and it has the function as subject. 109.SL. Bapa ; Kaikin nda tem?. TL. Egos’s father : What do you want? Universitas Sumatera Utara Kaikin nda tem?. WH-element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme What do you want? WH-element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Kai kin in SL as a unmarked Theme in a word question consist of the word question followed by kin , it is translated with ‘what’ . What is a unmarked theme in WH- element. Kin in SL is untranslatable, it is used to emphasize the question. 110.SL. Ego : Nukur telor, te permenndu pa. TL. Ego : Your permain wants to buy eggs Nukur , telor te permenndu pa. Predicated as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Your permain wants to buy eggs Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The form of the clause 110 SL consists of V + O + S and it was translated with Your permain wants to buy eggs in the TL. It consists of S + V + O. Nukur as imperative theme in SL and your permain as nominal group as unmarked theme. The initial constituent of clause in SL Nukur telor is verbal group as a theme was changed to be Your permain as a theme. Your permain is used in the initial of the clause the TL and it is subject as theme, it is nominal group. There was the structure shift in the process of translating theme in SL with theme in TL. The structure rule of Nukur telor is verb plus noun. 111.SL. Ego’s father : Ena telor simbaru, edenga mbah seninam. TL. Ego : Those new eggs, they have been brought by your brother Universitas Sumatera Utara Ena telor simbaru , edenga mbah seninam. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Those new eggs they have been brought by your brother Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Ena telor simbaru is the subject as unmarked theme in SL and ‘Those’ is pronoun as nominal group in the clause. Those is Equative as subject as unmarked theme. 112.SL. Bapa : Ah manca-manca ningen pak permen e. TL. Ego’s father : Have that manca-manca ‘ a small short chair’ ningen to this permain Ah manca-manca ningen pak permen e. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Have that manca-manca ‘ a small short chair’ ningen to this permain Offering as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Ah is subject as theme in SL and ‘have ’ is the imperative as unmarked theme in the clause 114 SL. 113.SL. Bapa : Pilihi sigalangna ningen pak permen, e. TL. Ego’s father : Choose the biggest ones ningen pak permain e. Pilihi sigalangna ningen pak permen, e Predicated as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Choose the biggest ones ningen pak permain e Predicated as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Both of pilihi and Choose are imperative, they have the same position in the clauses and they have the same meaning. They are unmarked themes in the imperative clauses. 114.SL. Ego’s wife : Oe ningen pak bengkila e. TL. Ego’s wife : Yes ningen’ say’ to bengkila e Oe ningen pak bengkila e. Cont as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Yes ningen’ say’ to bengkila e Cont as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Oe and yes were used at the initial of the clause. Oe is continuative in SL and it was translated into yes, in the TL this related to the context of speaking that someone was about to continue speaking. Oe is the expression of agreeing the opinion or statement. Both of unmarked themes have the same meaning. 115.SL. Bapa : Buat tutupna man nande ndu e Surya. TL. Ego’s father : Have the cover to your nande, Surya, Buat tutupna man nande ndu e Surya. imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Have the cover to your nande Surya Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Buat tutupna and have the cover are imperative , they have the same structure, meaning and their postion in the clause. 116.SL. Ego’s wife : La pedah nakku enda enggo lit tutupna. TL. Ego’s wife : No, thanks nakku here I have got its cover La pedah nakku enda enggo lit tutupna. Yesno answer as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme No, thanks nakku here I have got its cover Yesno answer as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara La pedah and No, thanks are themes in negative answers. La pedah and No, thanks are negative answers used in initial clauses of SL and TL. La pedah in SL was translated with No, thanks in TL, they are the expression of thanks to refuse the offereing and it can be translated with no problems, that’s OK. La and no are continuative adjuncts as textual themes. 117.SL. Turangku : Uga maka melaun seh jenda, nina turangku ? TL. Ade’s Turangku : Why did turangku arrive here so late, nina turangku ? Uga maka melaun seh jenda, nina turangku ? WH-element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Why did turangku arrive here so late, nina turangku ? WH-element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Uga in SL is as an unmarked theme in a word question without following a subject , it is translated with ‘why’ . Why is a unmarked theme in WH- element. Addition subject as the third person is used in TL but in SL it is a hidden subject. If nina turangku is translated, literally it is turangku says so. Here the dialog is not directly held between turangku, instead using nina turangku as a way to have others to respond the dialog as a mediator. 118.SL. Ade : Ndekah ka nda nimai maka dat motor i terminal ningen pak turangku e. conjunctive adjunct, textual theme. TL. Ade : I waited a long time for the bus at the bus terminal ningen pak turangku e ‘say so to turangku e. Ndekah ka nda nimai maka dat motor i terminal ningen pak turangku e. conjunctive adjunct, textual theme adjective group Rheme marked theme I waited a long time for the bus at the bus terminal ningen pak turangku e ‘say so to turangku e. Pronoun as the subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Ndekah ka nda is as an adjective group and was translated with I waited a long time. Ndekah ka nda consist of adjective plus adverb and ‘ka’ is not translated in TL. Adjective as the theme in SL and in the TL the subject pronoun of I is used as the unmarked theme it is the hidden subject in the SL. 119.SL. Ade : Eah dage ban mis perpanganta gelah kita man. TL. Ade’s turangku : Let’s prepare our lunch. Eah dage ban mis perpanganta gelah kita man. Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Let’s prepare our lunch. Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Let’s is unmarked theme in imperative clause. Eah and let’s are imperative as unmarked theme, Eah is as imperative and was translated with let’s as imperative. Both have the same meaning but they have different structure. 120.SL. Ade : Tambahi nakan bengkilandu Apang. TL. Ad e’s Turangku : Add some more your bengkila’s rice, Apang. Tambahi nakan bengkilandu Apang. Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Add some more your bengkila ’s rice, Apang. Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Both of tambahi and add are imperative, they have the same position in the clauses and they have the same meaning. They are unmarked themes in the imperative clauses. 121.SL. Ade : Labo aku mbiar man ningen pak turangku e?. TL. Ade’s Turangku : I do as my home, ningen pak turangku e. Labo aku mbiar man ningen pak turangku e?. Complement clause as the subject Rheme unmarked topical theme I do as my home , ningen pak turangku e. Complement clause as the subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Labo aku mbiar man and I do as my home, were used at the initial of the clause. Labo aku mbiar man is complement clause as the subject in SL and it was translated into I do as my home, the unmarked theme in the SL was translated int the unmarked theme in the TL, this related to the context of social that someone was about to respond the offering the cultural equivalence. Labo aku mbiar man is the expression of agreeing the opinion or statement. Both of unmarked themes have the same meaning. In this case the participant has alternative to add or not of his lunch. The analysis of the themes during the translation of rebu in Karonese language and culture into English has revealed the existence of a variety of different themes. These have been classified into three categories according to the classification of themes, they are textual theme, interpersonal theme and topical theme. The following table shows the numbers of each three categories of themes: Table 5.1. Overall Distribution of themes in the data of KL Types of Theme Text Number of Clauses Textual Theme Interpersonal Theme Topical Theme Marked Unmarked 1 25 7, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 6 - 1, 3, 5, 11, 15, 16,24 7 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 23 , 25,12 2 75 28, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 53, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 78, 86, 87, 88, 95, 99 24 33, 44, 94, 98 4 29, 32, 34, 36, 41, 55, 57, 58, 59, 66, 67, 69, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 91, 92, 96 20 26, 27, 30, 31, 37,38, 45 ,47. 48,51, 56, 61, 72, 76, 79, 70, 71, 73,75, 80, 84, 85,89,90, 93, 97, 100. 27 3 21 102, 114, 116, 3 101, 121 2 118 1 103, 104, 105 106, 10, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 119 120 15 Tota l 121 33 6 28 54 100 27.27 4.95 23.14 44.62 Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 5.1 above shows the percentage of themes of rebu texts for the point of departure in the clause. The themes of rebu clauses are variatives. The number of of textual, interpersonal, and topical themes are different. The most theme in rebu clauses is topical theme. For Karonese language the topical themes were found at the initial sentences and they are , pronoun, nominal groups and nominalization as subjects of the sentences. The topical theme consists of unmarked and marked themes. The unmarked themes are more frequent than marked themes in the translation of rebu texts in Karonese society into English. Table 5.2. Overall distribution of themes in the data of English Types of Theme Text Number of Clauses Textual Theme Interpersonal Theme Topical Theme Marked Unmarked 1 25 7, 13, 14, 18, 21 5 1, 3, 5, 11, 16, 17, 25 7 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 5, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 13 2 75 28, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 78, 86, 87, 88, 95, 99 24 33, 44, 94, 98, 4 29, 32, 34, 36, 41, 55, 57, 58, 67, 69, 74, 81, 82, 83, 91, 92 16 26, 27, 30, 31, 37, 38, 45, 47, 48, 51, 56, 59, 61, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 84, 85, 89, 90, 93, 96, 97, 100 31 3 21 102, 114, 116, 121 4 101 1 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120 16 Total 121 33 5 23 60 100 27.27 4.13 19.00 49.58 Universitas Sumatera Utara The first source of data were from the text of mukul , which consists of having dinner together, changing the kins term in Karonese culture, having the representative of the groom’s relatives in the bride’s village. Rebu in a Karonese family exists in the changing the kins term in their relatives. The structure of a sentence in the process of translation can be seen from a theme and rheme of SL and TL. The clauses of SL were translated into the TL and the themes of the TL were seen in the Table 5.2. The topical theme of the translated clauses in English consist of one structural element functioning as a participant, process or circumstance in the clause. In the TL the textual themes as the starting point of meaning are found in conjunctive adjuncts to connect to structure of the clauses. The amount of textual themes in SL and TL are same. There is no shift in the process of translating textual theme of SL into TL. Continuative and conjunctive adjuncts are found in the process of translating SL into TL. The textual themes are more frequent than interpersonal themes in the translation of rebu texts in Karonese society into English . An interesting point is that the number of interpersonal themes is very low. The rebu texts were also analyzed concerning the frequency of interpersonal themes, and a relative similarity was found across English texts in their translated texts. The most frequent type of interpersonal themes was modal adjuncts in rebu texts and finite verbal operators in English texts. In the area of topicalization, most items in SL were translated into TL as unmarked themes and few items of marked themes in SL were translated and changed as unmarked themes in TL. Universitas Sumatera Utara The number of marked theme and unmarked theme in SL and TL are different after translating the clauses of SL into the TL. There were the shifts in the process of translation. Table 5.3. Halliday’s model analysis of theme in declarative clauses of Karonese language Function Class Clauses Unmarked Theme Subject Nominal Group : Pronoun as head 51 Nominal Group : Common or proper noun as head 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 38, 47, 48, 61, 65. 76, 79, 70, 73, 75, 80,84, 85, 89, 90, 97, 103, 104, 06, 108, 111, Nominalization 93, 65 Marked Theme Adjunct Adverbial Group 1, 32, 24, 104, Prepositional Phrase 3, 11, 16, 29, 34, 36, 41, 55, 57, 74, 77, 81, 82, 93, 96, 98, 100, Complement Nominal Group : Common or proper noun as head Nominal Group : Pronoun as head Nominalization Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 5.4 Halliday’s model analysis of theme in declarative clauses in English Function Class Clauses Unmarked Theme Subject Nominal Group : Pronoun as head 51, Nominal Group : Common or proper noun as head 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 31, 38, 47, 48, 61, 66, 76, 77, 79, 80, 84, 90, 96, 97, 104, 106, 108,

110, 111

Nominalization 12, 23, 27, 65, 70, 73, 75, 85, 89, 93, 100 Marked Theme Adjunct Adverbial Group 32, 25 Prepositional Phrase 1, 3, 16, 29, 34, 36, 41, 55, 81, 82, 57 Complement Nominal Group : Common or proper noun as Head Nominal Group : Pronoun as head Nominalization Table 5.3 and table 5.4 show the summaries of unmarked and marked themes in declarative clauses. The elements found as unmarked themes in both SL and TL are nominal group, noun and nominalization as a subject. The subjects are the person, place, or thing that do what the verbs describe. Most of unmarked themes of both SL clauses and TL clauses were found which covered pronoun as a head, common or proper noun as a head , nominalization, imperative, polar interrogative , WH- element and dependent clause. The unmarked theme is represented by the subject in declarative clauses. The theme corresponds to the elements of the clause. The theme is usually represented by the subject in declarative clauses. Universitas Sumatera Utara Conversely, a marked theme in declarative clauses is a theme which is not combined with the subject but with any other elements constituting the clause. The marked topical themes were found in the adverbial as theme, prepositional phrase as theme, and complement as theme. A marked theme is a theme which is not combined with the subject but with any other elements constituting the clause in declarative clauses . The form of marked theme is the adjunct in declarative clauses. The function of an adjunct is to add information to a sentence. It is in a form of an adverbial word or phrase and used at the initial clauses as the starting point of the departure. A marked theme in declarative clauses is quite different from an unmarked theme. Marked theme is not combined with the subject but with any other elements constituting the clause. Here the researcher was particularly concerned with the use of SFL analysis to compare the form of the themes in SL and TL as to answer the first research question in this study. That is “what themes occur in the texts of rebu in Karonese society?”. Translation was the basic point in applying contrastive analysis to focus on comparing themes in SL and TL. After the analysis of both the primary and secondary data, the classification of the themes had been found. They were analyzed from the declarative and non- declarative clauses and they were classified which were as unmarked and marked themes. There was the shift of theme from ST into TT, such as predicated theme in Karonese language were changed to be nominal group in TT. Besides, there are additions of clauses in translating SL into TL, and the omissions of SL in TL also occur. The declarative clauses in Rebu texts of Karonese language consists of clause of pronoun as a head, common or proper noun as a head and Universitas Sumatera Utara nominalization. The clause 51a has the unmarked theme ku and it was translated into I, in the translating of the pronoun in SL into the TL. Ku is subject as theme in SL and it was translated into I as theme in TL. Ku has the same meaning as aku but the using of ku shows the offering an action. Ku and I are subjects as pronouns. What the researcher thought important is the position of theme in the clauses for SL and TL. The topical theme for a nominal group as a head of SL is put at the initial position in declarative clauses. The term Rebu can not be translated into TL, it does not occur in target readers, it does not have its equivalence in TL. The first translation in clause 26a was done by literal translation and the second one is descriptive equivalence. There was additional explaination for rebu to make its meaning clear. Rebu is a cultural activity for Karonese society, which are practiced by married men and women. It is practiced to honor the participants of rebu. In practicing rebu there are some limitations of speaking, sitting, walking, seeing and taking a bath. The participants of rebu do not talk directly, they do not sit closely and do not look at face to face. Father in law does not take a bath together with his son in law and his brother in law does not either. Translating the term rebu is quite different from the term bengkila. Bengkila was translated literarly with father in law but culturally it has other broad natural meanings. Bengkila can be the father’s sisters’ husbands, grandfather’s sisters’s sons and his daughters’ husbands. The term of ermami is a mother in law, and she may be also a wife of mother’s brother. It was translated with couplets procedure, the first translation was translated by literal translation method and the second mami was translated by cultural equivalence. It has broad meanings , mami may be father in law’s Universitas Sumatera Utara brother’s wife. Regard with rebu, both mami from specific and broad meanings. Kinship term of mami is not only for mother in law but also for wife’s mother’s brother’s wife. In translating bengkila and tutur ermami as specific are specific culture bound terms in SL, the researcher uses literal translation and cultural equivalent to express the intended meaning. The researcher as the translator has translated and analyzed the clause by clause of the rebu texts in SL and its translation in TL. By analyzing the elements of declarative and non declarative sentences in SL and TL clause by clause, the dominant and different constituents of unmarked and marked themes can be understood. Table 5.5.The unmarked themes of SL in non declarative clause, a polar interrogative clause, WH-Element in a WH-Interrogative, imperative and, dependent clause. Text Types of Clauses Clauses Marked Unmarked 1 polar interrogative 105 - 1 2 WH-element in a WH-interrogative 37, 45, 56, 109,117 - 5 3 imperative 8, 107, 110, 112, 113, 115, 120 - 7 4 Dependent clause 5, 11, 15, 58, 59, 67, 69, 71, 83, 91, 92 11 5 Dependent clause 37, 72, - 2 6 Total 26 11 15 For the purpose of data analysis, a table is presented for each part of declarative and non declarative sentences regarding to the unmarked and marked themes . Each table contains the average number and frequency percentage shift of unmarked and marked themes in KL equivalents. First, each theme of SL and Universitas Sumatera Utara TL . Table 5.5 and table 5.6 show the reality of the shift and equivalence of translating non declarative clause in SL into TL. Table 5.6. The unmarked themes of TL in non declarative clause, a polar interrogative clause, WH-Element in a WH-Interrogative, imperative and, dependent clause Text Types of Clauses Clauses Marked Unmarked 1 polar interrogative 105, - 1 2 WH-element in a WH- interrogative 37, 45, 56, 103, 109,117 - 6 3 imperative 8, 107, 112, 113, 115,120 - 6 4 Dependent 5, 11, 15, 58, 59, 67, 69, 71, 83, 91, 92 11 - 5 Dependent 37,72 - 2 Total 26 11 15 Interrogative clauses fall into two types: polar interrogatives and content interrogatives. The use of polar interrogative expresses a question to have an immediate request for an answer, whether positive or negative. In TT polar interrogatives formed by placing the operator before the subject in initial position of a clause. Lang ningen pak kela e was translated with say no to kela . By saying no to kela it means that mami has responded the dialog and they do not talk directly by saying ningen pak kela e. No can also be applied to respond of a question, it is usually used at the initial of the sentence. Ningen is used when a participant of rebu has a intermediary. The literal translation of Ningen is say so. Ma can be used for all subjects in SL however it is different with TL, are is used for second person singular and third person plural. Asking someone’s health Universitas Sumatera Utara is as the starting point of dialog. This case is almost the same as when someone says mejuah – juah in SL at the first meeting to show his honor to his fried. La kuakap in SL was translated with I do not think in TL, the structure rules of the theme in SL clause consist of la as finite and followed by ku personal noun as subject and akap as verb whereas in TL it consists of personal noun, finite and verb. There are differences of rules structure of theme in SL and TL. La SL is as finite which can be applied in negative and declarative sentences, it was translated with no in TL. There are some differences between la and no. La can be followed by pronoun, preposition and verb. Whereas no is applied after auxiliary or modal and followed by a verb. The position of not in SL is used after auxiliary or modal. La kuakap is SL and I do not think in TL are modal themes. Both SL and TL have interrogative sentences, they are polar Interrogative and WH-element in a WH-interrogative. Kai and what in clause 45 are the unmarked themes in WH-question of SL and TL, they do not have the same structure. Kin was untranslateable , it is to emphasize the question word in SL. Ndai is an adverb of time which preceded by word question kai. In TL there was no question word followed by adverb of time. Both theme have the same meaning but they have different structure rules. Dependent clause which head clause started with wh-element in SL uga carana is as unmarked theme in clause 37 SL. Uga carana is a unmarked Theme in a WH- element, if it is translated literarly , it will be how the ways. In this clause it was translated with how in TL as a unmarked theme in WH- question. How in target language was clear to ask manner in TL means the ways. So the ways was omitted in this clause. Both SL and TL began with question words. Universitas Sumatera Utara Uga carana is unmarked because it is a natural thing in Karonese language to have the WH- question followed by noun as the first element of the clause due to the natural omission of the subject in polar sentence.The question words kuja nge clause 56 in SL is translated with where the word nge is untranslatable. It has the function to emphasize the question word kuja. In the process of translating the imperative clauses which are as orders, commands, and requests, there are a few differences. Ku rumahken is adjunct as imperative in SL, it consist of preposition followed by noun suffex –ken. Noun plus suffix –ken, forms the imperative in SL. Ku rumahken and come in are imperative as unmarked theme, ku rumahken is prepositional phrase as imperative and was translated with come in as imperative. Both have the same meaning but they have different structure. Both of ku rumahken and come in are imperative, they have the same position in the clauses and they have the same meaning. Their position are at he initial of the sentence. They are unmarked themes in the imperative clauses. They are nearly same with the declarative sentence, because the meaning has known that there is the missing of noun phrase in imperative but the position of the missing noun phrase are different, for SL the missing noun prhrase is after noun and for TL it is at the initial of the sentence as unmarked theme . Both of pilihi and choose are imperative, they have the same position in the clauses and they have the same meaning. They are unmarked themes in the imperative clauses. Buat tutupna and have the cover are imperative , they have the same structure, meaning and their postion in the clause. Universitas Sumatera Utara In an independent clause the theme is unmarked if the subject appears first and the theme is called marked if an adverbial is used before the subject. It is different with the clause. Sekalak kela si meteh adat in SL and A kela who knows adat , in TL are subject as unmarked themes. The translation method used in this theme was faith translation method, se in SL as a prefix means a as indefinite article. Adi enggo lit hubungen dareh janah ipeteguhika alu perjabun is dependent clause as theme in SL and was translated with If there was the blood relationship and it was reinforced by marriage is dependent clause as theme in the clause. The using of prepositional phrase as the starting point of departure in KL were found in in KL but there were only a few prepositional phrases as marked theme in TL . This fact reveals that prepositional phrase as marked themes were mostly used of both SL and TL. The interesting point was the amount of prepositional phrase in SL was bigger than prepositional phrase in TL. There is a tendency for Karonese society to express their cultural ethnicity by using the prepositional phrase in the initial of the clause as to compare their culture to other cultures, especially the pracitising of rebu among the participants. The adverbial group and the prepositional phrase were as adjunct they were marked themes in the SL and TL clauses . The subordinate clauses are used at the initial element of the clause. Most subordinate clauses are used at the beginning of the clause in SL. The process of translating the dependent clause was applied by literal translation method, both of bold types are marked themes. In Karonese language there are many prepositional phrases by using the preposition ibas and followed by other group of words. It shows the collectiveness, by saying ibas and followed by the group of words, it does not Universitas Sumatera Utara show the individuality. This case can be supported by expressing the suffix –ta which functions as the second person possessive.

5.2.1.2 Specific cultural bound terms in ST and TT

All cultural aspects from the texts were categorized into social and material cultures. The researcher as the translator considered the cultural aspects of Karonese society and found the appropriate cultural reference of target language in the process of translating. All cultural aspects from the texts are considered bound to culture. Data of participation observation revealed that cultural and linguistic of SL were appeared . Most of the cultural aspects of Karonese language were found in the phrases and words of the clauses. The researcher used the term specific cultural bound terms in this study because the objects of this study is very specific and unique. Some of the terms are link to other branches of their existence and they bound one to another term. There are many specific cultural bound terms in Karonese language and they are untranslatable, so strategies and procedures are needed in the process of translating. Table 5.7. Karonese specific culture bound terms No Text Clause ST SCBT TL 1 1 4, kalimbubu singalo bere-bere bride’s mother’s natal lineage 2 1 13 kalimbubu singalo perkempun bride’s MM’s lineage 3 2,3 29, 114, 79, 80, 84 Bengkila HF, HFSH 4 3 29, 86,87, 88,96, 81, 96,100 Permain SW Universitas Sumatera Utara 5 1 20 anak beru tua sinereh brother in law 6 1 2 mukul The last phase of wedding ceremony 7 1 10,25 singalo ulu emas group of wife’s giver 8 1 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39,40, 41 Kela daughter’s husband 9 1 90,91, turangku WBW.HZH,SWM 10 1,2,3 19,26, 29, 33, 61,62,63,64,65,7 0,73,76, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,112 Rebu social avoidance to talk directly 11 1 4,6 manok sangkep boiled chicken which is rearranged completely to be served for the groom and bride 12 1 4 anakberu si empo the groom’s anakberu 13 1 10 amak dabuhen, mat used as a screen 14 1 12 sangkep nggeluh si sereh the bride’s kalimbubu, sembuyak and anakberu 15 1 17 ngobah tutur change kinship terms 16 2 33, 34, 36,40, 42 ,70, 76, 66, 69, 73,100 mami mother in law 17 40, 41, 44 nina mami nina mami 18 2 40, 45. 47, 49, 51, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 48, 50, 52 nina kela nina kela Universitas Sumatera Utara 19 2 32 bere-bere jadi kela ZS becomes kela 20 3 29 turangku and turangku WBW. HZH 21 2 89, lako man or lako mangan. H’B to be the husband 22 2 67 enggo me nda pesikap kena nakan kela? Have you prepared my kela meal? 23 2 75 rumah si waluh jabu Karonese traditional house which has eight families 24 1 17, belo kinapur bettle leaf which completed by gamber, tobacco and lime 25 3 108, 105, 110 Pa expression to unknown old man, father, father’s brothers, mother’s sisters’ husbands 26 1 16 utang adat adat debt 27 1 16 rudang-rudang bride’s distant agnates, adat debt for wife’s giver 28 1 32 bere-bere ZS,WZDH, HBDH, HZC 29 1 13 singalo perkempun bride’s MM’s lineage 30 1 16 puang kalimbubu members of his mother’s mother’s lineage 31 1 16 perkembaren, the new anakberu 32 1 2, 4, 13, 25 anakberu BDH 33 1 16 anakberu cekoh baka the BDH who open the baka Universitas Sumatera Utara 34 1 16 anakberu tua, FFZD 35 1 16 anak beru menteri ZHZH,ZDH 36 1 13 perninin kalimbubu 37 1 13 singalo bere-bere kalimbubu 38 1 13 singalo perkempun kalimbubu 39 1 81 Ajinta father in law 40 1 12,14,15 penadingen the proposing parents of both bride and the groom 41 1 12 erbahan penadingen having the representatives of the bridge and the groom 42 1 1 mecah-mecah tinaroh marriage rite 43 1 6 uis ariteneng Karonese traditional cloth 44 1 74 amak cur amak cur is a smooth and small mat which is usually used to sit by honor people 45 1 74 amak mbelang amak mbelang, is a wide mat is used for sitting by ordinary guests. 46 1 13, 30, 66, 67, 115 nande mother or fathers’ brother’s wivies 47 1 6 piggan pasu a white large plate 48 1 12 erbahan penadingen having the representatives of the bridge and the groom 49 1 15 Ose Karonese traditional clothes Universitas Sumatera Utara 50 1 17 sinoria the ancestors 51 1 17 ngobah tutur change the kinship terms in Karonese society 52 1 22 cokong-cokong Some money which given as gift while the couple dancing and singing 53 1 19 sibiak rebu the participants who should be rebu 54 1 22 ngating manok the forth phase of wedding ceremony in Karonese culture 55 1 25 amak tayangen, a mat used for sleeping 56 1 25 pinggan perpanganen, the dishes which used for eating 57 1 27 ia meteh adat Karonese who do not understand adat 58 1 27 la ngikuti orat nggeluh Karonese who do not follow Karonese way of life 59 1 30 tutur ermami the kinship term to group of participants are called mami. 60 1 32 ope lenga erdemu bayu before marriage 61 1 41 ngerana ernina mami, talking by ernina mami ‘say so mami’ 62 1 42 ngerana ernina kela talking by ernina kela ‘say so kela’ In the process of translating specific bound culture terms of rebu texts in SL the meaning and the equivalence should be considered in the TL. Both languages have no corresponding specific bound culture terms, therefore in the process of translation a specific bound culture term is explained for another. That Universitas Sumatera Utara explaination is made on the basis of the linguistic elements in the phrase, or on the basis of a corresponding or similar image contained in the phrase. The SL culture specific items are described and explained with the same function in the TL culture

a. Analysis Social Culture in Karonese Society

Table 5.8. Social culture in Karonese society No Text Clause Social culture ST TL 1 1 19,26, 29, 33, 61, 62,63,64,70,73,76 , 96, 97, 98, 99, 100. Rebu social avoidance to talk directly 2 1 2 Mukul the last phase of wedding ceremony 3 1 1 mecah-mecah tinaroh marriage rite 4 1 17 ngobah tutur change the kinship terms in Karonese society. 5 1 12 erbahan penadingen the proposing parents of both bride and the groom, Having the representatives of the bridge and the groom. 6 1 4 kalimbubu singalo bebere bride’s mother’s natal lineage. 7 1 10,25 kalimbubu singalo perkempun bride’s MM’s lineage 8 1 13 Perninin Kalimbubu 9 1 13 bere-bere ZS,WZDH, HBDH, HZC Universitas Sumatera Utara 10 1 13 Perkempun bride’s MM’s lineage 11 1 15 puang kalimbubu members of his mother’s mother’s lineage 12 1 10,25 singalo ulu emas group of wife’s giver 13 1 28,29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39,41 Kela daughter’s husband 14 1 55,90,91, 92 Turangku WBW.HZH,SW M 15 2 29, 114, 79, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 100. Bengkila HF, HFSH 16 3 28, 81, 86, 87, 96. Permain SW 17 2 33 mami and kela mother in law and DH 18 1 81 Ajinta father in law 19 3 108, 105, 110 Pa expression to unknown old man, father, father’s brothers, mother’s sisters’ husbands. 20 1 13, 30, 66, 67,115 Nande mother or fathers’ brother’s wivies 21 2 28, 100, 101. turangku WBW. HZH 22 2 32 bere-bere jadi kela ZS becomes kela 23 2 40, 41, 44. nina mami nina mami 24 2 40, 45.47, 49, 51, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 48, 50, 52. nina kela nina kela 25 2 89, lako man or lako mangan. H’B to be the husband Universitas Sumatera Utara 26 2 67 enggo nge man kela? Has my kela eaten ? 27 1 2, 4, 13, 25. anakberu BDH 28 1 4 anakberu si empo the groom’s anakberu 29 1 20 anak beru tua sinereh brother in law 30 1 16 perkembaren, the new anakberu 31 1 16 anakberu cekoh baka the BDH who open the baka 32 1 16 anakberu tua, FFZD 33 1 16 anak beru menteri ZHZH,ZDH 34 1 17 Sinoria the ancestors 35 1 12 sangkep nggeluh si sereh the bride’s kalimbubu, sembuyak and anakber. 36 1 16 utang adat adat debt 37 1 16 rudang-rudang bride’s distant agnates, adat debt for wife’s giver Karonese social culture terms are used to have social relationship among Karonese societies. The cultural terms weren’t found in the other cultures, especially for those English speaking people cultures. Karonese cultural term has sub specific bound terms. Those terms were listed in the Table 4.11 and Table 4.12 the listing terms were explained as follows : 1. Kalimbubu singalo bere-bere are the bride’s mother’s natal lineage also called as kalimbubu sierkimbang, bride’s father’ natal lineage which is listed in no 1 is apart of other kalimbubu such as kalimbubu singalo perninin clause Universitas Sumatera Utara 13 in SL are group of father’s kalimbubu wife givers it is also called kalimbubu bena-bena. There are no linguistic and cultural equivalence of kalimbubu in TL. In Karonese society there are other kalimbubu, they are : kalimbubu singalo perkempun, bride’s MM’s lineage , kalimbubu of kalimbubu singalo bere-bere puang kalimbubu. perkempun, bride’s MM’s lineage puang kalimbubu is kalimbubu of kalimbubu , members of the groom’s mother’s mother’s lineage kalimbubu singalo ulu emas are group of wife’s givers. 2 In the process of translating bengkila in the clauses into the TL, it needs certain procedures because there is no equivalence of bengkila in TL. In this study was applied Newmark’s procedure of descriptive equivalence therefore the lengthy explaination were applied. Bengkila are father in law or husband father, husband’s father’s sisters’ husbands. There are two kinds of bengkila, first bengkila whose relationship are rebu and secondly, whose relationship are not rebu . Ego’s rebu are those bengkila father in law or husband father, husband’s father’s sisters’ husbands, husband’s sisters’ father in laws, and husband father ’s aunt’s daughter’s husband. Secondly, bengkila relationship can be different gender, and they are not their rebu. The kinship terms of Karonese culture can be between the same gender a man and a man. The kinship terms of bengkila is not existed between a woman and a woman. If Ego is a man and his berngkila are his fath er’s sisters’ husbands’ , his grandparents’ sons and his sisters’ father in laws. All of them are his bengkila and they are not his rebu. 3 Ajinta is translated to be father in law. Ajinta is bengkila but term of ajinta is only used for father in law. Universitas Sumatera Utara 4 Permain or permen is a kinship term in Karonese culture and the relationship among bengkila and permain are rebu. There are two kinds of permain, one is rebu and another one is not rebu. For permain those who are rebu, the son’s wife ‘daughter in law’, for brothers’ sons wives. Permain who are not rebu are children of wife’s brothers, and children of aunts’. The terms of permain is very complex for non Karonese societies instead for Karonese societies are familiar because they are a part of this cycle of kinships terms. The researcher called it as a part of kinships terms cycle in Karonese society because everyone is Karonese society, should be intern as anakberu, kalimbubu and sembuyak. 5 pa is used as the expression to unknown old man, father, fa ther’s brothers, mother’s sisters’ husbands. 6 Nande which are translated to be mother or fathers’ brother’s wives. 7 turangku are WBW. HZH. 8 Kela is daughter’s husband or daughter’s husband’s sisters’ husbands 9 bere-bere is ZS,WZDH, HBDH, or HZC 10 bere-bere is ZS who becomes kela 11 mami and kela are mother in law and DH 12 Anakberu is untranslatable , it is necessary to have translation procedure to transfer its meaning because there is no equivalence in TL. The meaning of anakberu can be explained by BDH. Actually there are many kinds of anakberu, they are, perkembaren, the new anakberu, anakberu cekoh baka the BDH who open the baka. Anakberu tua, FFZD, the groom’s anakberu, anak beru menteri ZHZH,ZDH, anakberu si empo i s the groom’s Universitas Sumatera Utara anakberu,and anak beru tua sinereh is a brother in law. Each group of anakberu has its own function. The bride’s parents have anakberu and so do the groom’s parents. The groom’s parents’ anakberu is called anakberu sidilaki and the bride’s parents ‘anakberu is called anak beru sinereh. 13 Mukul Mukul is the last phase of wedding ceremony. It has a symbol of honoring and happiness for the new couple. A white Pinggan pasu is a symbol of purity and there a belo cawir ‘a bettle leaf ’ on it as a symbol of praying. Pinggan pasu is a big white ceramic plate used for eating the couple. Uis mbiring is a black cloth used under the Pinggan pasu 14 sangkep nggeluh si sereh is usually also called sangkep si telu is the bride’s kalimbubu, sangkep si telu 15 nina ………. The clauses which are written nina mami and nina kela are the cultural specific bound terms in Karonese society communication, these terms are used by the participants of rebu and each of the participant applied nina … ‘say so’ as if each pa rticipant doesn’t speak directly to their rebu. 16 lako man or lako mangan has no equivalence in TL. If the Ego’s husband was dead, her husband’s brother could marry her and the process of marriage was called lako man or lako mangan. 18 Penadingen is the cultural term who are the proposing parents of both bride and the groom. The groom’s Penadingen is responsible for him and if there is a party they provide the groom need and the same thing works for the bride. Penadingen are proposed in the groom and the bride villages. Universitas Sumatera Utara 19 mecah-mecah tinaroh in sentence 1a is also called mukul or persadaan tendi translated to be marriage rite is held at the groom’s parents house. 20 rudang-rudang in clause 16 bride’s distant agnates, adat debt for wife’s giver. Ngobah tutur is the ceremony of introducing the relatives and it is held in the groom’s parents’ house and changing Karonese kinship terms. It is untranslatable and the lengthy explaination was needed in the process of translation. In this ceremony, the bridegroom perform their honor to their relatives specially for their rebu. b. Analysis Material Culture in Karonese Society Table 5.9. Material culture in Karonese society No Text Clause Material culture ST Material culture TL 1 2 75 rumah si waluh jabu Karonese traditional house which has eight families 2 1 10 amak dabuhen a mat used as a screen by the bridge and the groom 3 1 4, 6 manok sangkep boiled chicken which is rearranged completely to be served for the groom and bride 4 1 6 piggan pasu a large white ceramic plate 5 1 6 uis ariteneng Karonese traditional cloth 6 1 17, belo kinapur bettle leaf which provided with gamber, tobacco and lime 7 1 61 Kampil the place of bettle leaf which completed by gamber, tobacco and lime 8 1 16 utang adat adat debt 9 1 15 Ose Karonese traditional clothes Universitas Sumatera Utara 10 1 22 cokong-cokong some money which given as gift while the couple dancing and singing These material cultures do not have equivalencies in TL , the researcher as the translator in this study used some procedures to solve this problem, in the process of translating specific cultural bound terms in Karonese society into English. Karonese language allows for verb-initial clauses due to its VSO . The equivalence and translation strategy and procedures issues were focused only the problems at the cultural or linguistic level were considered. 1 rumah si waluh jabu or rumah adat is Karonese traditional house which has eight families. 2 amak dabuhen is a mat used as a screen for the groom and bride bed. This amak dabuhen is not used for screen nowadays because a house usually has a bedroom so it is not used for screen. 3 manok sangkep are boiled chicken which is rearranged completely to be served for the groom and bride. It is held in their bedroom and are accom panied by 3 to 5 bride’s mami. Mami is not the bride‘s rebu because she is the bridge’s uncle’s wife. The equivalence of cultural specific bound term in Karonese culture is explained with descriptive equivalence. This term is not found in English culture. 4 uis ariteneng is Karonese traditional cloth 5 belo kinapur is a bettle leaf which completed by gamber, tobacco and lime 6 Kampil is the place of betle leaf which completed by gamber, tobacco and lime. 7 utang adat is adat debt given to Egos’ sangkep nggeluh. Adat debt is Universitas Sumatera Utara paid by the groom parent. 8 rudang-rudang is bride’s distant agnates, adat debt for wife’s giver 9 Cokong-cokong is some money which was given by the guests while the bride and the groom were dancing and singing. 10 Ose is Karonese traditional clothes.

c. Politeness of rebu texts in Karonese society