notes, All the themes of SL clauses` have been translated and described refer to each translation strategies. To translate cultural terms in SL demand some
creativity if a literal translation is not well possible, it is feasible to use several descriptive words.
6.2 Discussion
For literal translation method is the most frequently used in translating a theme in the source language with a theme in the target language. The least used
translation procedure for rebu texts in Karonese society into English was the cultural equivalence translation procedure.
The results of this study indicate that culture-bound terms can not be translated. After all, the researcher as the translator has managed to translate all
the culture bound terms by transference, descriptive equivalence, paraphrase and notes procedures.
The weakness of this study lies in the fact that since rebu texts have not been translated previously, so it is hard to compare with. In the most recent
translation studies, rebu in Karonese society has not been translated into another language. Previous studies have based their criteria for selection on description of
it and its significant on Karonese society. The researcher agrees with Yunus, 1995 concludes that practicing rebu in the past was usually related to supra
natural but nowadays it is certainly used to avoid free sex among its the participants. However, practicing rebu is not only to avoid free sex but also to
honor among the participants of rebu. The clauses of rebu texts were classified into unmarked and marked themes,
material and social cultures which the researcher examined the translation
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procedures to solve untranslatable culture – bound terms. Furthermore, the
researcher examined the specific culture-bound terms in rebu texts carefully in order to find the politeness in Karonese society.
It is considered that SFL, cultural analysis, conversational analysis were usefully standard and extend the translation studies analysis. In order to identify
themes of rebu clauses the Halliday’s model analysis was used. For the purpose of
analysis, unmarked and marked themes were selected from SL and TL clauses. The appropriate method of translation in dealing with CBT based on the rebu
texts and the context of situation should be found. Karonese language and English have different context of cultures and aspects of life. The researcher faces
many problems in translating CBT, and what Newmark’s translation methods and translation procedures cannot find a completely corresponding equivalent for
them in the TT. Lacking some concepts in translation process is problematic for the researcher as the translator.
The important for a translator is to convey the message of the source text in a way understandable for the audience in the TT. The researcher who has
knowledge about rebu practising applies different strategies of translating this specific culture-
bound terms. In translation CBT refers to Newmark’s concepts the researcher has some vocabulary items should be explained systematically
which are peculiar to the given culture. Using an appropriate and suitable method in dealing with CBT is one of the main duties of the researcher as the translator in
this study. By org anizing Halliday’s theory of SFL correlated with translation
theory and was associated with cultural analysis, the form of themes and each
structure rules of each theme has been found in the SL and the TL.
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Material culture and social culture were also discussed, since this study translates the cultural texts of rebu
in Karonese society. Halliday’s model showed that theme of English was realized by its position in the clause and therefore it
was pointed out in the analysis of SL and TL themes in this study. By understanding the first position of the theme in English, the function of theme was
realized , in the structure of English. For the work of translating Karonese cultural texts by the experts were
seldom, therefore the researcher was hard to compare the findings of his research as the point of his discussion. It is believed that Rebu in Karonese society would
be known globally as a specific cultural asset of Indonesian society. Themes in Karonese language have not been examined yet by the experts. The study of rebu
texts in the process of translating has proved the importance of preserving the local language as the national asset. Local language and culture enrich national
asset namely, Indonesian language and culture. As native speaker of Karonese language, he has a satisfaction of his findings.
The shift translation procedure usually happen in the process of translation, even though in the level of themes. This conditions also occur in this study, they
are hard to avoid because the different of SL and TL structures. The discussion on the shifts in this study occur in the clauses of grammatical change in the process
of translation. In applying
Halliday’s model of SFL as the basic of theme
analysis, the researcher uses narrowly only to the unmarked and marked themes of the rebu clauses in Karonese society. Typically whether or not the theme acts
as marked and unmarked themes as the starting point of departure of message in the clause.
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The results of this study are partially in accordance with translation strategies concerning the translation of rebu. Theoretical recommendations for
translating rebu indicated that a few target language are shifted to source language rebu in the translation process. Indeed, the strategy in which source language
marked themes are translated with target language unmarked themes appeared to be the most interesting strategy in this study, Many various translation scholars
avoided to the use of the literal translation . They consider it an inacceptable strategy which destroys the meaning of the source text and the results in
unacceptable. However, the data in this study indicated that the literal translation can actually work in themes of rebu clauses and in some contexts.
Themes in SL and TL were found by applying SFL and the focus of this study were unmarked and marked themes. The findings of themes in SL prove
the first research question was solved and the themes in a clause is very important as the starting point of a message. The applying of SFL to the process of
translation was satisfy but however there were the shifts in the process of translating. The shift caused the differences of themes between SL and TL. All
languages have themes in each clause which consist of unmarked theme and marked theme. Halliday’s model of SLF was adopted in theme identification and
analysis as domain theory in analyzing KL and English clauses. For Halliday, the theme of the declarative clause consists of one structural
element which is represented by a nominal group, a prepositional phrase, or an adverbial group. Theme is the starting point in a clause, simply the idea of
whatever comes first in a clause. Both SL and TL have the nominal groups, a prepositional phrase, or an adverbial group as unmarked themes. The nominal
groups of TL are higher than SL, because English has the sentence structural of
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subject, predicate and object. Karonese language is higher to use marked theme at the initial of the sentence to emphasize the meaning of the sentence. Therefore the
shifts of unmarked themes in SL into TL occurs in the process of translation. The cultural problems were handled by applying the translation methods
and translation procedures based on Newmark’s model 1988. Two of Newmark’s model of translation methods were applied, they literal translation and
semantic translation. These translations methods were selected to support the translation procedures which proposed by Newmark. Seven of his fourteen
translation procedures were applied to resolve the cultural and politeness problems in this study, they were descriptive equivalent, paraphrase, shifts or
transpositions, couplets , cultural equivalence , transference and finally notes. Although there are different procedures and methods for translating culture-
bound terms, the researcher as the translator sometimes cannot find a completely corresponding equivalent for them in the TT.
The researcher used Newmark’s transference procedure in the process of translation because if a cultural word in SL was transferred with the same word in
the TL is also known as borrowing word it would not be as borrowing procedure. The borrowing word would not be practiced by English because the specific
culture items in rebu text are not familiar with them. So the transference procedure should be supported by descriptive equivalence. The transference
procedure can not stand alone and it is not a pure borrowing procedure in the process of translating rebu texts in Karonese society into English as the target
language. Experts say there are two strategies of translation, they are global translation strategies and local translation strategies. Both strategies of translation
are important to show the direction and to find guidance in translation process.
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The translation method was applied to determine whole process of translation to get the purposes of this study.
The translation procedure was related to procedures of translation, therefore they were mostly used in the process of translating rebu texts in Karonese society
into English . The key findings of the first research question were the unmarked and marked themes of both SL and TL and the second research question was the
direction of translation process by guiding with translation methods and translation procedures. They were the directions to solve second research
question. Determining translation methods and procedures of translation are very important for translators and researcher to get the accuracy of transferring the
message of the SL into the TL. Since themes in rebu clauses were translated into English, the literal
translation was mostly used when that procedure does not work . the descriptive
equivalence was applied to transfer the cultural meaning of the SL. The practicing
of rebu in Karonese society is still existed though the participants live in a city, they use nina kela, nina mami , nina permain, nina bengkila or nina turangku, it
depends on who the participants are , they communicate among themselves. By using nina
…followed by one of these kinship term as if they do not talk directly. If there is a third person as a media of their communication, each of them uses
ningen ku to or pak kela, mami , permain, bengkila or turangku and usually ends by saying e. for example : ningen pak kela e
. ‘say so to this kela’. The researcher’s mother in law lives with his family, when she was alone at home and
it was time to have meal the researcher bought lunch for her. He gave her the lunch by saying
enda nakan nina mami’ here is mami’s lunch’, she handed it without saying a word. It does not mean , she hates him but instead of practicing
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rebu. This case shows how someone to honor the participants of rebu. Mami may leave his kela while he is having meal. Her action does not show unwillingness of
her kela. There were some politeness which applied by Karonese society. There are
linguistic and cultural politeness in rebu texts and they were difficult to translate because they do not exist in TL therefore the translation procedures were applied
to answer the forth research question. The using of Newmark’s translation procedures is very important in this study because the specific cultural Karonese
bound terms are unique. The source text has linguistic politeness such as ndu, as possessive pronoun and kam is as second singular pronoun. They are usually
used to honor among rebu participants, old people , kalimbubu ‘wife givers’ and
to honor the guests. There was no polite first singular person in English and talking to other
people by looking the addressee’s face is polite but it is not in Karonese culture. The dialog of rebu does not happen in English, for English speaking people the
practicing of rebu in Karonese society is to increase their understanding that the indirect speech in Karonese language is used to the rebu participants. Rebu
participants mean those Karonese society who have been married and they practice rebu in their daily life. One talks to the other by using the indirect
speech by saying nina …to avoid direct communication because of the
practicing of rebu. Rebu should be preserved by Karonese young generation as their cultural identity.
In the process of translating rebu texts in Karonese society into English, methods and procedures of translation had been applied. The translation of SL
into the TL was focused largely on cultural terms, politeness, the analysis of
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themes, and the sentences structure. These frameworks were acceptable. It was because of the SL consists of cultural texts and some of the specific cultural
bound terms were untranslatable. Therefore, strategy, methods and procedures of translation were workable in translating SL into TL.
Using descriptive equivalent procedure in translating rebu texts in Karonese society into English is helpful to have a correct transferring message of specific
cultural bound terms from SL into TL. It was done by clarifying and describing the meaning of element messages in SL into TL.
Linguistic and cultural gaps of rebu texts were so great and indicated that translation process was oriented towards the source reader. Translation methods,
and translation procedures have been applied to the translation of rebu in Karonese society into English. The linguistic and cultural differences have led the
application of semantic translation method , literal translation method, and translation procedure of Transference, cultural equivalent, descriptive equivalent,
shifts or transpositions, paraphrase, couplets, and notes to the translation SL into TL.
Determining translation method is important to scope the priority of translation process of SL into TL and it is as an effort to support the ideology of
translation . In this study, Venuti’s ideology of foreignization and Newmark’s translation methods were used to translate SL into TL. The kinship terms,
linguistic polite and cultural polite terms in SL are untranslatable. It is believed that equivalence is rarely found in the process of translation as
what Catford defined, the researcher experienced such situation in translating rebu texts in SL into the TL. It was hard to find the accurate translation especially
in transferring cultural terms and politeness into target text.
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The terms of untranslatable of rebu texts mean some of the terms are impossible to translate into the target language because of linguistic and cultural
problems therefore the procedures of translating were needed to solve these problems. The most problems in translating rebu texts into English were cultural
problems. Specific cultural bound terms were translated by descriptive equivalence procedures , couplets, paraphrase, transference and notes which
proposed by Newmark. Many Karonese cultural words were explained in TL because there were not equivalences of such words. Procedures of translation
were useful in the process of translation especially the translation of mother tongue langue into foreign language.
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CHAPTER VII CONLUSIONS AND SUGESTIONS
7.1 Conclusions
The interpersonal, textual, and topical themes in ST are translated into TT by translation methods and translation procedures. Literal and semantic translation
methods are used to translate unmarked and marked themes in ST into TT. In the process of translating culture-bound terms and politeness in source text into target
text the translation procedures of paraphrase, transference, notes, shift, descriptive equivalence, couplets, and cultural equivalence are applied.
Translation methods and procedures were workable as solution in translating themes of rebu texts in Karonese society into English. Translating rebu
in Karonese society into English means transferring something that has relation with the language and culture bound terms that are commonly used in Karonese
daily life. Having analyzed the previous data on this dissertation research, seven
conclusions can be drawn, they are : 1.
The translation problems arose in translating themes of rebu texts of Karonese society into English. They were untranslatable of unmarked and marked themes
in ST and the absence of specific culture-bound terms in TL. The culture- bound terms and politeness in SL are difficult to translate into TT . The
structure rules of marked and unmarked themes in SL and TT are different. 2.
The study reveals that literal translation is not only the most frequently used methods but also the most appropriate one in translating unmarked and marked
themes in rebu clauses. The most dominant type of translation procedure that occurs in the analyzed data are by transference and transposition. The themes
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