as and, but, so, neither, or, then, etc or subordinators, such as because, if,
although, while, since, unless, etc, and 2 relatives, such as, the definite, e.g.
which, who, whose, when, where or indefinite e.g. whatever, whichever, whoever, however, wherever.
For a conjunctive adjunct there is a range of expressions which signal 1
apposition, correction, dismissal, e.g. for instance, at least, leaving that aside; 2 additive, adversative, variative relations, e.g. in addition, on the other hand,
alternatively; 3, comparative, conditional, concessive, temporal, causal, e.g. in the same way, in that case, nevertheless, later on, as a result.
3.5.3 Readership of the translation
Newmark 1981 : 128 points out, “a translation is normally written and intended for a TL reader even if the SL text was written for no reader at all, for
nothing but its author’s pleasure”. Sun 2011 : 162 states, “If a translator aims to
introduce to his readers foreign customs, exotic culture or different expressions in another language culture, he will use foreignizing method to keep the original
expressions largely. Readers of such a version can get vivid pictures of the foreign expressions and a better understanding about how the people with the original
langu age think.”
Some of culture-bound terms in rebu texts are untranslatable. They are related to the sub-cultural terms. They do not have any equivalences in the TL.
But for Karonese cultural researchers, culture-bound terms in Rebu texts are very familiar. If they are eager to study on the other aspect of rebu , their findings will
make benefit for those who are interested in the study of cross culture communication.
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The readers of Karonese cultural texts were designed for linguists, students and researchers of linguistics, tourism, and those who are interested in cultural
translating. A translation is designed to stimulate those who are more interested in the linguistic structure underlying the translation and in cultural novelty.
Generally speaking, the version is made for specific kinds of readers, so foreignization is acceptable, because their interests are in the SL culture. For those
academics, for example, college professors or writers of literary comparison, foreignization was considered as equivalence between the TL and the SL.
3.6 Methods for Verification or Trustworthiness
A trustworthy system is one upon which we can depend, by placing a full measure of trust in its abilities to perform as expected. Many embedded
translation processes, especially in the translation methods, translation procedures, and translation techniques of the ST into TT should be applied with direct
evidence of their trustworthiness. Mubarak 2008: 2 defines ‘trustworthiness’ as a moral value concept which implies commitment and the ability to be relied and
depended on. Trust is a social aspect that is hard to define formally. It is a relation between two parties, in which the trusting party places confidence, reliance and
dependence, whereas the trustee commits to take responsibility and never betray the trust.
An investigation of ST and TT quality was made to have the trustworthiness.
The ST was read and examined by the Karonese linguists to gain their responses to the texts and the TT were evaluated and responded to by the
English linguist to judge its readability. Both the researcher as translator and the
readers of the ST and the TT need to be able to trust the inquiry process of
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translating by which the product of translation is obtained. The TT readers need to be confident of the translation product. Roberts 2004:112 asserts the researcher
is the instrument trustworthiness depends on the researcher’s skill and competence. The researcher as the translator is a native of SL and he is familiar
with practicing rebu in Karonese society. He has both texts evaluated by the Karonese and English linguists to make trustworthiness.
The existences of rebu in Karonese society were described, classified, translated and analyzed by the researcher based on his experience. Karonese
linguists evaluate the SL text and the English linguist did the TL text. The researcher as the translator is a native of SL and he is familiar with practicing
rebu in Karonese society. He has both texts evaluated by the Karonese and English linguists to make trustworthiness. Karonese linguists evaluate the SL text
and the English linguist did the TL text. The existences of rebu in Karonese society were described, classified,
translated and analyzed by the researcher based on his experience. Karonese linguists evaluate the SL text and the English linguist did the TL text to have
‘trustworthiness’. 3.7 Selecting Source Texts
In selecting rebu texts, the researcher followed certain requirements for them. Firstly, the author of the texts had linguistic and cultural background.
Secondly, the texts were given to the tokoh adat in Karonese society to evaluate their accuracy.
The selected texts for this study had to meet four conditions. Firstly the content needed to be similar to the rebu texts. Therefore, the researcher had to
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look for the texts dealing with rebu in Karonese society. Secondly, the rebu texts contain polite and specific culture-bound terms. The researcher uses this term
because rebu texts are quite specific and bound the elements of Karonese society in their daily life. Thirdly, the ST had to contain specific structures in Karonese
language, that, when translated, would potentially require adherents of rebu to use the cultural term dealing with its structure. Finally, the source texts had to be
available in Karonese language and Indonesian language, as Pym 2010 states, that source texts contain more than one language and culture and link to one goal.
He emphasizes the goal is the target text in the process of translating. However, due to differences between two cultures semantic equivalence is
limited to some degree. For those specific culture-bound terms and expressions do not have their equivalences in the TL. For example, daliken si telu or rakut si
telu is well-known in Karonese society, but they are not in the TL. There are no references for kalimbubu, senina or anakberu found in English, and each of them
does not convey anything about kinds of kalimbubu, senina or anakberu. When they are translated they might be misleading, because there are some specific
responsibilities, concepts and functions for each of them. In translating a cultural text, such as a rebu text, some specific culture- bound terms, such as tutur
siwaloh, daliken si telu, mukul, which were just borrowed from the rebu texts in transferring the message from SL into TL.
3.7.1 Data description
