Rebu si tendengen The theme of

sentence is started with subordinate clause, it is as the marked theme and the main clause is as rheme. 60.SL. Kela : Banci ku buat janah kababa kari ku rumah nina mami. TL. Son in law : Well, Ill soon catch them and bring them to our house nina mami. Banci ku buat janah kababa kari ku rumah nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Well , Ill soon catch them and bring them to our house nina mami. cont as theme Rheme textual theme Banci in SL was translated literally with Well in TL, they are continueties as textual themes. They are usually used at the beginning of the clause.

2. Rebu si tendengen

“ Rebu of body touching” The process of translating rebu sitendengen, rebu is as the theme followed by particle si, and in TL rebu was followed by prepositional phrase and preposition was added in the TL. 61.SL. Rebu si peduaken eme sapih mami ras kela la banci si tendengen TL. The second rebu is body touching between mami and kela Rebu si peduaken eme sapih mami ras kela la banci si tendengen. heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme The second rebu is body touching between mami and kela . heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Rebu si peduaken and the second rebu are subjects as unmarked themes . In SL the head are followed by modifiers, si and peduaken are postmodifiers but in TL the head are precended by the modifiers, the second are premodifiers. Rebu Universitas Sumatera Utara in TL was not translated because it needed l engthy explaination as Newmark’s descriptive translation procedure of translation proposed. 62.SL. Tambahen rebu, e man kemelanken adi sempat mami ras kela sitendengen. TL. Besides rebu they were also very embarrassed and humiliated if mami and kela had body touching. Tambahen rebu, e man kemelanken adi sempat mami ras kela sitendengen. Conjunctive as theme Rheme marked topical theme Besides rebu they were also very embarrassed and humiliated if mami and kela had body touching. Conjunctive as theme Rheme marked topical theme Literal translation procedure was applied in translating marked theme in SL into TL. Tambahen and besides are conjunctive adjunct as marked themes in SL and TL clauses. 63.SL. Janah icakapken kalak ula bagi si anu, la tehna rebu kuitna mamina. TL. And people will be mocking him into the topic of conversation : Don’t be like John , he doesn’t know the customs and he doesn’t know rebu either, because he held his mami. Janah icakapken kalak ula bagi si anu, la tehna rebu kuitna mamina. Cont as theme Rheme marked topical theme And people will be mocking him into the topic of conversation : Don’t be like John , he doesn’t know the customs and he doesn’t know rebu either, because he held his mami. Cont as theme Rheme marked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Janah is continuative adjuct in SL and it was translated literally into and, in the TL these relate to the context of speaking that someone was about to continue speaking. 64.SL. Tapi adi terpaksa, misalna sakit mekelek, mami banci ndadap kelana ntahpe balikna, alu melasken sentabi. TL. But if there is a must , such as severe ill, mami can touch his kela or both directions firstly by saying sentabi which means sorry. Tapi adi terpaksa, misalna sakit mekelek, mami banci ndadap kelana ntahpe balikna, alu melasken sentabi. conjunctive adjunct Rheme textual theme But if there is a must , such as severe ill, mami can touch his kela or both directions firstly by saying sentabi which means sorry. conjunctive adjunct Rheme textual theme Tapi was literarly translated with but, they are conjunctive adjunct as themes and both of them followed by dependent clauses. Tapi and but are conjunction adjuncts as textual themes. 65.SL. Karena si e banci imaklumi kalak, malah ianjurken pe labo lit kalak mpediat mami ntah kelana mate bage saja adi lit mara, la isampati erkiteken rebu. TL. Such case may be understandable even encouraged by the community, because none let his mami or her kela would have an a severe accident or illness, without helping her or him because of rebu touching. Karena si e n banci imaklumi kalak, malah ianjurken pe labo lit kalak mpediat mami ntah kelana mate bage saja adi lit mara, la isampati erkiteken rebu. Nominalisation as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Such case ban may be understandable even encouraged by the community, because none let his mami or her kela would have an a severe accident or illness, without helping her or him because of rebu touching. Nominalisation as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Karena si e is conjunctive adjunct as textual theme in SL and it was translated literally with Such case is subjec conjunctive adjunct as textual theme in TL. 66.SL. Perlu iantusi maka mami ningen, e me bali ras nande kela ntah kela ningen, e bali ras anak mami TL. It is necessary to know that mami is basically the mother of kela; and kela is a child who loved by mami. Perlu iantusi maka mami ningen, e me bali ras nande kela ntah kela ningen, e bali ras anak mami touching. adjective as theme Rheme marked topical theme It is necessary to know that mami is basically the mother of kela; and kela is a child who loved by mami. Impersonal it as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Perlu iantusi is adverbial group in SL as marked theme and it is necessary to know is impersonal it followed by to be , adjective and verb infinitive in TL. It is subject of predicator be is as theme in TL. The subject in this sentence is in the second clause, that is mami. It is necessary is as unmarked theme. 67.SL. Adi sekalak nande enggo erkela janah ia tading ras serumahen, sekalak nande rusur reh nina man anakna sidiberu : “enggo me nda pesikap kena nakan kela?.” TL. If a mother has a kela and they are still living together , a mother always says to her daughter: have you prepared meals and drinks for my kela? Adi sekalak nande enggo erkela janah ia tading ras serumahen, kal sekalak nande rusur reh nina man anakna sidiberu : “ enggo me nda pesikap kena nak an kela?” dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme If a mother has a kela and they are still living together to a mother always says to her daughter: have you prepared meals and drinks for my kela? structure theme Rheme textual theme Universitas Sumatera Utara In SL Adi sekalak nande enggo erkela janah ia tading ras serumahen, in the TL If a mother has a kela and they are still living together are marked themes in dependent clauses. 68.SL. Ntah adi man atena, ras paska la i rumah kelana tentu sungkunna : “Enggo me kela man?”. TL. Or if they want to have meal, and by chance her kela is not there , of course it will be asked : has my kela eaten ? Ntah adi man atena, ras paska la i rumah kelana tentu sungkunna : “Enggo me kela man?”. conjunctive adjuncts Rheme textual theme Or if they want to have meal, and by chance her kela is not there , of course it will be asked : has my kela eaten ? conjunctive adjuncts Rheme Textual theme The dependent clauses of both SL and TL Ntah and Or were put in the initial of sentences. Ntah and or are conjunctive adjuncts. 69.SL. Adi ialoi anakna: enggo ku pesikap, nde Ntah kelandu enggo man nda” emaka enggo ntabeh kap mami man. TL. If her daughter replied: I have provided it, your kela has already eaten earlier then mami has meal comfortably. Adi ialoi anakna : : enggo ku pesikap, nde Ntah kelandu enggo man nda” emaka enggo ntabeh kap mami man. dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme If her daughter replied : : I have provided it, your kela has already eaten earlier then mami has meal comfortably. dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme The dependent clauses of both SL and TL adi ialoi anakna and if her daughter replied were put in the initial of sentences. Theme in SL and theme in TL is different. It is marked theme for SL and marked theme for TL. 3. Rebu kundul petala-tala “ Rebu of sitting face to face” Universitas Sumatera Utara In Karonese language Rebu kundul petala-tala consists of noun followed by verb. In TL there should be additional preposition of between noun and verb. Its translation is rebu of sitting face to face. 70.SL. Rebu si peteluken sapih mami ras kela kundul petala-tala, sinihenen duana. TL. The third rebu is between mami and kela sitting face to face , oppose each other with a sharp looking. Rebu si peteluken sapih mami ras kundul petala-tala, sinihenen duana. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The third rebu is between mami and kela sitting face to face , oppose each other with a sharp looking. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Rebu si peteluken sapih mami ras kela is heavy subject as unmarked theme in SL and The third rebu is between mami and kela is heavy subject as unmarked theme in TL. 71.SL. Sekalak kela si meteh adat , tehna mereha mungkuk ia adi ngerana ntah jumpa ras mamina TL. A kela who knows adat, knows good manners would bow his head and look down if he talks or meets with his mami. Sekalak kela si meteh adat tehna mereha mungkuk ia adi ngerana ntah jumpa ras mamina. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme A kela who knows adat , knows good manners would bow his head and look down if he talks or meets with his mami. A kela who knows adat Rheme A kela who knows adat Sekalak kela si meteh adat , is heavy subject as unmarked theme in SL and A kela who knows his adat is subject as unmarked theme in the TL. When the clause is started with main clause, it is as the unmarked theme and the subordinate clause is as rheme. Universitas Sumatera Utara 72.SL. Sekalak kela si meteh adat, la pang reh man ku rumah adi mamina ngenca sisada i rumah; apaika adi jumpa ntah medem i rumah la lalit jelma si deban ije, sura-surana e ugapape iorongkenna. TL. A kela who knows adat , will not dare to come home to eat if there is only his mami alone unaccompanied by another person; especially such meeting or staying. If no one else there, that intention will be postponed by the kela. Sekalak kela si meteh adat, , la pang reh man ku rumah adi mamina ngenca sisada i rumah; apaika adi jumpa ntah medem i rumah la lalit jelma si deban ije, sura-surana e ugapape iorongkenna. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme A kela who knows adat will not dare to come home to eat if there is only his mami alone unaccompanied by another person; especially such meeting or staying. If no one else there, that intention will be postponed by the kela. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Both clauses 72 SL and 72 TL, Sekalak kela si meteh adat in SL and A kela who knows adat , in TL are subject as unmarked themes. 4. Rebu kundul bas sada amakpapan “ Rebu of sitting on the same matboard” Rebu as the theme followed by verbial group but rebu in target language is followed by prepositional phrase. 73.SL. Lit rebu si deban antara mami ras kela kudul ibas sada lembar amak entah sada papan la erkelang. TL. The other rebu is found between mami and kela is sitting on a mat or a board with no other people who is sitting between them. Lit rebu si deban antara mami ras kela kudul ibas sada lembar amak entah sada papan la erkelang. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The other rebu found between mami and kela is sitting on a mat or a board with no other people who is sitting between them. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Lit rebu si deban antara mami ras kela is heavy subject as theme and The other rebu found between mami and kela is the heavy subject as theme. 74.SL. Ibas cakap Karo igelari amak . amak lit ka piga-piga erbage lit amak cur eme melinang sibiasana ipake ingan kundul temue si mehaga , lit ka amak mbelang, e ipaka ingan kundul jelma si enterem. TL. In Karonese language is called amak, there are many kinds of amak such as amak cur that is smooth and small mat which is usually used to sit by honor people, and there amak mbelang, that is wide mat is used for sitting for general guests. Ibas cakap Karo igelari amak . amak lit ka piga-piga erbage lit amak cur eme melinang sibiasana ipake ingan kundul temue si mehaga , lit ka amak mbelang, e ipaka ingan kundul jelma si enterem. prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme In Karonese language is called amak, there are many kinds of amak such as amak cur that is smooth and small mat which is usually used to sit by honor people, and there amak mbelang, that is wide mat is used for sitting for general guests. prepositional phrases as theme Rheme marked topical theme Ibas cakap Karo in SL translated literally with in Karonese language. Both of theme as prepositional phrases as themes. 75.SL. Rumah adat Karo igelari pe rumah si waluh jabu iingani waloh jabu biasana jabuna papan. TL. Karonese Adat house which has wooden floor is also called rumah si waloh jabu settled by 8 families. Rumah adat Karo igelari pe rumah si waluh jabu iingani waloh jabu biasana jabuna papan. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Karonese Adat house which has wooden floor is also called rumah si waloh jabu settled by 8 families. heavy subject as theme Rheme Universitas Sumatera Utara unmarked topical theme Rumah adat Karo igelari pe rumah si waluh jabu is heavy subject as unmarked theme in SL and Karonese Adat house which has wooden floor is heavy subject as unmarked theme in TL. 76.SL. Rebu adi mami ras kela kundul ras ibas sada papan i rumah sijabu papan, adi lalit kalak sideban kundul jadi kelang-kelangna. TL. It is rebu for kela and mami if they sit together on a sheet board , if no one else, which is considered as an intermediary sitting in between them. Rebu adi mami ras kela kundul ras ibas sada papan i rumah sijabu papan, adi lalit kalak sideban kundul jadi kelang-kelangna. heavy subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme It is rebu for kela and mami If they sit together on a sheet board , if no one else, which is considered as an intermediary sitting in between them. Impersonal it as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Rebu adi mami ras kela is subject as theme it is rebu for kela and mami if is heavy subject as unmarked theme. 77.SL. I datas papan e amak dikimbangken ingan kundul. TL. Mat is spread on the wooden floor for sitting place. I datas papan e amak dikimbangken ingan kundul. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme Mat is spread on the wooden floor for sitting place. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme I datas papan e amak is adjunct as marked theme in SL and it was translated with mat is subject as unmarked theme in TL. In translating theme in the clause of SL, there was the shift of group level, prepositional phrase to nominal group. Universitas Sumatera Utara 78.SL. Aminpe amak enggo ikimbangken, harus iperdiateken gelah mami ras kela ula kundul sada papan seakatan adi lit kalak sideban kundul i kelang- kelangna. TL. Although the mats have been laid, it had to be considered in order mami and kela did not sit on the same board with no other people who was sitting among them. Aminpe amak enggo ikimbangken, harus iperdiateken gelah mami ras kela ula kundul sada papan seakatan adi lit kalak sideban kundul i kelang- kelangna. continuative adjunct Rheme Textual theme Although the mats have been laid , it had to be considered in order mami and kela did not sit on the same board with no other people who was sitting among them. continuative adjunct Rheme Textual theme Aminpe is continuative adjunct and it was translated with Although as textual theme. b. Rebu sapih bengkila ras permain “ Rebu between bengkila and permain“ 79.SL. Bengkila eme bapa perbulangan sekalak ndehara” ras banci ka alu pengertin sideban bengkila eme perbulangan bibi sekalak perbulangen. TL. Bengkila means narrowly father of the husband’s wife, and it means broadly the husband of a fathers sister. Bengkila eme bapa perbulangan sekalak ndehara” ras banci ka alu pengertin sideban bengkila eme perbulangan bibi sekalak perbulangen. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Bengkila means narrowly father of the husband’s wife, and it means broadly the husband of a fathers sister. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Both unmarked themes of SL and TL clauses are Bengkila as subject, Bengkila was translated literarly with father in law but culturally it has other broad natural meanings. 80.SL. Erti si pemena, hubungen e terjadi erkiteken lit na perjabun, adi lalit perjabun labo lit hubungen sapih bengkila ras permain Universitas Sumatera Utara TL. The first meaning, the relationship occurs because of marriage, if there is no marriage, there will not be the relationship between bengkila and permain either. Erti si pemena hubungen e terjadi erkiteken lit na perjabun, adi lalit perjabun labo lit hubungen sapih bengkila ras permain Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The first meaning, the relationship occurs because of marriage, if there is no marriage, there will not be the relationship between bengkila and permain either. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Erti si pemena is subject as unmarked theme in SL and it was literally translated with the first meaning is subject as unmarked theme. The theme in SL consists of two post-modifiers modifiy erti as the head. The theme in TL consists of two pre-modifiers modify meaning as the head. Both themes are nominal groups in the clauses. 81.SL. Ibas hubungen sibagenda istilah bengkila biasa iganti alu ajinta. TL. In this relationship the term bengkila was replaced with ajinta. Ibas hubungen sibagenda the istilah bengkila biasa iganti alu ajinta. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme In this relationship the the term bengkila was replaced with ajinta. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme Ibas hubungen sibagenda is adjunct as marked theme in SL and it was literally translated with in this relationship as marked theme in TL. 82.SL. Ibas pengertin sipeduaken, hubungen darehpe ikut erbahan hubungen bengkila-permain, amin pe lenga lit perjabun ibas anakna nari. TL. In the second meaning, the blood relationship was helped to bridge the relationship bengkila-permain, do not hold a first marriage with their son. Ibas pengertin sipeduaken, hubungen darehpe ikut erbahan Universitas Sumatera Utara hubungen bengkila-permain, amin pe lenga lit perjabun ibas anakna nari. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme In the second meaning, the blood relationship was helped to bridge the relationship bengkila-permain, do not hold a first marriage with their son. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme marked topical theme The theme of SL Ibas pengertin sipeduaken has the same theme with In the second meaning, both are adjuncts as marked themes. It is prepositional phrase, its structural rule is preposition of in followed by nominal group of second meaning. 83.SL. Adi enggo lit hubungen dareh janah ipeteguhika alu perjabun, maka reh teguhna perkade-kadenna. TL. If there was the blood relationship and it was reinforced by marriage , so the more strengthen the familial relationships. Adi enggo lit hubungen dareh janah ipeteguhika alu perjabun maka reh teguhna perkade-kadenna. dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme If there was the blood relationship and it was reinforced by marriage , so the more strengthen the familial relationships. dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme Adi enggo lit hubungen dareh janah ipeteguhika alu perjabun is dependent clause as theme in SL and was translated with If there was the blood relationship and it was reinforced by marriage is dependent clause as theme in the clause. Both of the themes are marked themes. 84.SL. Perjabun sibagenda rupana me si usur iarapken orangtua TL. This kind of marriage is the dream of elders. Perjabun sibagenda rupana me si usur iarapken orangtua Universitas Sumatera Utara Heavy subjet as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Perjabun sibagenda rupana me si usur iarapken orangtua Heavy subjet as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Perjabun sibagenda rupana me is a heavy subject as an unmarked theme and it was literally translated with this kind of marriage is a heavy subject as an unmarked theme. 85.SL. Permain ibas kalak Karo, ertina ndehara anak sidilaki” TL. Permain in Karonese society, means wife of a son. Permain ibas kalak Karo ertina ndehara anak sidilaki”. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Permain in Karonese society, , means wife of a son. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The nominal group of Permain ibas kalak Karo in SL was translated with Permain in Karonese society. The procedure of translating Permein ibas kalak Karo is by couplets, namely transposition and descriptive equivalence. Permain in this clause had narrow meaning, it focused only on daughter in law. If we translated permain in SL with ‘daughter in law’, it had the different context of meaning. Permain ibas kalak Karo in SL and permain in Karonese society in TL are nominalization as unmarked themes. 86.SL. Bali nge ras bengkila , permain banci ka nge anak diberu ntah pe anak dilaki ibas jabu turang ndehara. TL. The same as bengkila, permain can also mean wife’s brothers daughters or sons. Bali nge ras bengkila , permain banci ka nge anak diberu ntah pe anak dilaki ibas jabu turang ndehara. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara The same as bengkila, permain can also mean wife’s brothers daughters or sons . Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Bali nge ras bengkila in SL was translated with the same as bengkila in TL , nge in SL was untranslatable, it is as an emphasis for a lexical category of noun in this clause. Permain is closely related to the word bengkila more broadly. Bengkila is the father of husband, it could be also the father in law’s brothers. They were the relationship between bengkila and permain. The practicing of rebu among kela and mami also happened at the same kinds of rebu among bengkila and permain. Basically the applicable rebu between mami and kela , applies also in relation bengkila and permain, namely: a. rebu of talking directly without a third person of intermediary b. rebu of body touching. c. rebu of sitting on a mat or a board if no one else is sitting between them d. rebu of sitting face to face The using of the word nina also exists in the dialog between bengkila and permain: permain used the expression of nina bengkila means bengkila said so, using the expression “nina permain “ daughter in law said so” if they have to communicate without a third person as an intermediary. 87.SL. Seterusna perlu ieteh maka bengkila ras permain la banci seri mergana, ia arus beda mergana . TL. Furthermore it is necessary to know that bengkila and the permain may not have the same clan, they have different clans. Seterusna perlu ieteh maka bengkila ras permain la banci seri mergana, ia harus beda mergana. conj as theme Rheme Universitas Sumatera Utara textual theme Furthermore it is necessary to know that bengkila and the permain may not have the same clan, they have different clans. conj as theme Rheme textual theme Seterusna in SL is a conjunctive adjunct as theme followed by adjective group of perlu ieteh and was translated with Furthermore is continuity as theme followed by impersonal it, it is necessary to know. 88.SL. Em sebabna adi perbulangen permain mate, secara adat Karo mengizinken tutur bengkilana, eme salah sada senina bengkilana nggantiken sienggo idilo dibata jadi perbulangenna. TL. That is why if the husband of permain died, Karonese adat permited one of her bengkila ’s brother to marry her instead of her dead husband. Em sebabna adi perbulangen permain mate secara adat Karo mengizinken tutur bengkilana, eme salah sada senina bengkilana nggantiken sienggo idilo dibata jadi perbulangenna. conjunctive adjuncts Rheme textual themes. That is why if the husband of permain died Karonese adat permited one of her bengkila ’s brother to marry her instead of her dead husband. conjunctive adjuncts. Rheme textual themes. Em sebabna is nominal group as subject followed by dependent clause 88 in SL adi perbulangen permain mate, and that is why is nominal group as theme and followed by dependent clause if the husband of permain died. Em sebabna and that is why are conjunctive adjuncts as textual themes. 89.SL. Perjabun sibagenda ibas cakap Karo ikataken lako man ntah lako mangan. TL. Marriage like this in Karonese language is called lako man or lako mangan. Universitas Sumatera Utara Perjabun sibagenda ibas cakap Karo ikataken lako man ntah lako mangan. heavy subjects as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Marriage like this in Karonese language is called lako man or lako mangan. heavy subjects as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Both Perjabuna sibagenda ibas cakap ras Kalak Karo and Marriage like this in Karonese language and society are heavy subjects as unmarked themes. 1. Rebu ibas kalak si sierturangku” Rebu between turangku and turangku ” The practicing of rebu for those who are erturangku means both participants men and women are as turangku, erturangku is the kinship term for a participant is called turangku and vice verse. 90.SL. Turangku lit dua pengertinna , tergantung dilaki entah diberu sierturangku. TL. Turangku has two meanings, it depends on the sex who has Turangku. Turangku lit dua pengertinna , tergantung dilaki entah diberu sierturangku. subjects as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Turangku has two meanings, it depends on the sex who has Turangku. subjects as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Turangku is subject as unmarked theme in SL and it is untranslatable so the term Turangku is still used in TL. The lengthy explaination was needed to describe the meaning of turangku. Both of the subjects are as unmarked themes. 91.SL. Adi dilaki si turangku maka turangkuna eme ndehara silihna. TL. If a man has turangku, then his turangku are wivies of his wife’s brothers. Universitas Sumatera Utara Adi dilaki si turangku maka turangkuna eme ndehara silihna . Dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme If a man has turangku, then his turangku are wivies of his wife’s brothers. Dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme 92.SL. Adi diberu si erturangku , maka turangkuna eme perbulangen edana TL. If a woman has turangku, then her turangku are husbands of her husband’s sisters. Adi diberu si erturangku maka turangkuna eme perbulangen edana. Dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme If a woman has turangku , then her turangku are husbands of her husband’s sisters. Dependent clause as theme Rheme marked topical theme From clauses 91 and 92 , themes may be realized by dependent clauses as marked themes. By analyzing the characteristic of these dependent clauses , that they appear in initial of a clause and supported by rhemes in each sentences, either in SL and TL. When the sentence is started with subordinate clause, it is as the marked theme and the main clause is as rheme. 93.SL. Kalak sierturangku harus berlainan jenis TL. People who are erturangku must have different gender. Kalak sierturangku harus berlainan jenis heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme People who are erturangku must have different gender. heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Kalak sierturangku in SL and people who are erturangku in TL are as heavy themes in the clauses 93, the heads are kalak in SL and people in TL. They were modified by sierturangku and erturangku. Those who are turangku have different gender. Universitas Sumatera Utara The participants of rebu are mami and kela , bengkila and permain and turangku and turangku. They practice not talking directly without any third person as an intermediary. They avoid to touch their body and sit face to face. They avoided to sit on the same mat or broad if there is no one sitting in between them. 94.SL. Perlu sieteh bagi si enggo singetken nda duana kalak sierturangku harus ngerana make kata nina turangku, adi ngerana lalit kalak sideban je sebagai perantara. TL. It is necessary to know as what have been mentioned that those who were erturangku had to use the words nina turangku which means turangku says so, if they talk to each other, without a third person as intermediary. Perlu sieteh bagi si enggo singetken nda duana kalak sierturangku harus ngerana make kata nina turangku, adi ngerana lalit kalak sideban je sebagai perantara. Impersonal subject Rheme interpersonal theme It is necessary to know as what have been mentioned that those who were erturangku use the words nina turangku which means turangku says so, if they talk to each other, without a third person as intermediary. Impersonal subject Rheme interpersonal theme Perlu sieteh is thematised comment as theme in SL and was literally translated with It is necessary is thematised comment as theme in TL. Perlu sieteh in SL are adverbial group as marked theme and It is necessary is impersonal subject as interpersonal theme in TL. 95.SL. Terdauhen, perlu ka eteh maka kalak si erturangku banci seri mergana ntah banci kang la seri. TL. Furthermore , it should be also known that people who were erturangku might have the same clan, and perhaps they have a different clan. Terdauhen, perlu ka eteh maka kalak si erturangku banci seri mergana ntah banci kang la seri. conjunctive adjunct Rheme textual theme Furthermore it should be also known that people who were erturangku might have the same clan, and perhaps they have a different clan. Universitas Sumatera Utara conjunctive adjunct Rheme textual theme Terdauhen is conjunctive adjunct as the theme in the clause of SL, and furthermore is conjunctive adjunct as the theme of TL. Theme in SL has equivalence in TL of this clause. 96.SL. Ibas kalak Karo lit telu erbage rebu, eme antara mami ras kela, rebu antara bengkila ras permain, rebu ras si erturangku TL. There are three kinds of rebu in Karonese society, namely: Rebu between mami and kela, Rebu bengkila and permain, Rebu turangku and turangku. Ibas kalak Karo lit telu erbage rebu, eme antara mami ras kela, rebu antara bengkila ras permain, rebu ras si erturangku heavy subject Rheme marked topical theme There are three kinds of rebu in Karonese society, namely: Rebu between mami and kela, Rebu bengkila and permain, Rebu turangku and turangku. Subject as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Ibas kalak Karo is prepositional phrase as marked theme in SL and There is circumstantial attributive complement as unmarked theme in TL. There is the change of theme in the process of translating SL into TL in clause 96. The position of adjunct is used in the initial of the clause whereas the translated in the TL was used after circumstance of there. 97.SL. Rebu emekap antara sidilaki ras sidiberu. TL. Rebu occurs between male and female. Rebu emekap antara sidilaki ras sidiberu. Noun as a subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Rebu occurs between male and female. heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Both subjects of SL and TL are Rebu as theme, rebu was not translated into the TL because it is untranslatable cultural term it should be explained as it was done previously. 98.SL. Ibas pengakapta tua-tua sindube ngelitken rebu enda gelah ise sirebu harus saling sihangken, siergaan sada ras sidebanna . TL. In our opinion, in the past the ancestors applied rebu in order the two participants respect each other. Ibas pengakapta tua-tua sindube ngelitken rebu enda gelah ise sirebu harus saling sihangken, siergaan sada ras sidebanna. Modal adjunct Rheme interpersonal theme In our opinion , in the past the ancestors applied rebu in order the two participants respect each other. Prepositional phrase as theme Rheme interpersonal theme Ibas pengakapta is adjunct as interpersonal theme in SL and In our opinion, rebu is modal adjunct as interpersonal marked theme in TL. 99.SL. Alu bage maka jarak antara si rebu tetap terjaga, emaka la turah ukur kalak erbahan sila mehuli. TL. So the relationship between the participants of rebu keep distant, therefore adultery does not happen. Alu bage maka jarak antara si rebu tetap terjaga, emaka la turah ukur kalak erbahan sila mehuli. conjunctive adjuct as theme Rheme textal theme So the relationship between the participants of rebu keep distant, therefore adultery does not happen. conjunctive adjuct as theme Rheme textual theme Alu bage is as conjunctive adjuct and was translated with So is conjunctive adjuct as theme in TL. They are as textual themes. 100.SL. Antara mami ras kela, bengkila ras permain, turangku ras turangku, seri nge rebuna, rebu ngerana langsung la lit jadi perkelang , rebu Universitas Sumatera Utara sitendengen, rebu kundul petala-tala. TL. Rebu between mami and kela, bengkila and permain, turangku and turangku, are same , they are rebu when they talk directly without a third person as an intermediary, rebu of body touching, rebu sitting face to face Antara mami ras kela, bengkila ras permain, turangku ras turangku, , seri nge rebuna, rebu ngerana langsung la lit jadi perkelang , rebu sitendengen, rebu kundul petala-tala. heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Among mami and kela, bengkila and permain, turangku ras turangku, , are same , they are rebu when they talk directly without a third person as an intermediary, rebu of body touching, rebu sitting face to face. heavy subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Antara mami ras kela, bengkila ras permain, turangku ras turangku, is prepositional phrase as marked theme in SL and was translated with Rebu between mami and kela, bengkila and permain, turangku and turangku, is heavy subject as unmarked theme in TL. Text 3 : Data collected from participation observations 1. Dialog of rebu in Karonese society The researcher observed the participants who were practicing rebu . The data were recorded at the wedding ceremony and the dialog of rebu while the researcher was at his and his relative’s house . The participants of rebu could not be asked to practice rebu, because it was impolite . The dialog of rebu occurred naturally somewhere if they met and while having a certain ceremony. 101.SL. Ego kela : La kuakap turangku ah mabasa kreta ah ndai. TL. Son in law Ego : I think turangku doesn’t ride the motorbike. Universitas Sumatera Utara La kuakap turangku ah mabasa kreta ah ndai. modal adjunct Rheme interpersonal themes. I Think turangku doesn’t ride the motorbike Theme Rheme Rheme interpersonal theme La kuakap means I don’t think, la means no and kuakap was translated with I think in TL. The theme of clause 101 SL, Ego proposed his opinion about who was the rider of his turangku’s motorcycle, the dialogue was going on in Egos’s house. The dialogue was between Ego, Ego’s wife and his mami. The SL la can be applied in negative and positive clauses. La kuakap in SL was translated with I do not think in TL, the structure rules of the theme in SL clause consist of la as finite and followed by ku personal noun as subject and akap as verb whereas in TL it consists of personal noun, finite and verb. There are differences of rules structure of theme in SL and TL. La SL is as finite which can be applied in negative and declarative sentences, it was translated with no in TL. There are some differences between la and no. La can be followed by pronoun, preposition and verb. Whereas no is applied after auxiliary or modal and followed by a verb. The position of not in SL is used after auxiliary or modal. La kuakap is SL and I do not think in TL are modal adjunct as interpersonal themes. 102.SL. Mother in law : Lang ningen pak kela , latehsa makesa ningen. TL. Mother in law : No , say so to kela , she doesn’t know how to ride it, ningen. Lang ningen pak kela , latehsa makesa ningen, Cont as theme Rheme textual theme No, say so to kela she doesn’t know to ride it, ningen. Universitas Sumatera Utara cont as theme Rheme textual theme The clause 101 in SL, Ego kela : La kuakap turangku ah mabasa kreta ah ndai.? La kuakap means I don’t think, la means no and kuakap was translated with I think in TL. The theme of clause 101, Ego proposed his opinion about who was the rider of his turangku’s motorcycle, the dialog was going on in Egos’s house. The dialog was between Ego, Ego’s wife and his mami. The SL la can be applied in negative and positive clauses. La is marked theme in interrogative clause. La SL is as finite which can be applied in negative and declarative sentences, it was translated with no in TL. There are some differences between la and no. La can be followed by pronoun, preposition and verb. Whereas no is applied after auxiliary or modal and followed by a verb. The position of not in SL is used after auxiliary or modal. La kuakap is SL and I do not think in TL are modal themes. La was used in negative clause 101 and it was responded by his mother in law by saying , lang in SL clause 102 SL was translated with no in TL . No, say so to kela as theme, no as head and followed by post modifier of verbial group. It is common to say lang in SL means negation and followed by modifiers. After talking about the motorcycle the researcher and his wife wanted to see his wife’s sister by saying : 103.SL. Ego Kela : Mami uga ikut ia ku rumah Warna? TL. Son in law Ego : What about mami will she join us to go to Warna’s house? Mami uga ikut ia ku rumah Warna? Nominal group as theme Rheme Universitas Sumatera Utara unmarked topical theme What about mami will she join us to go to Warna’s house? WH – element Rheme unmarked topical theme Mami is subject as unmarked theme in SL and was translated with what about mami? There was the shift structure, in translating mami uga? The clause was the continuity of the obvious expression and it was continued by expression ‘what about mami?’ In this case the meaning of this question was about to ask his mami w hether she would join them to go to Warna’s house. What is as unmarked Theme in WH-elment in TL is an unmarked theme. 104.SL. Mother in law : Jenda saja ningen pak kela e TL. Mother in law : I am here say so to kela. Jenda saja ningen pak kela e pronoun as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme I am here say so to kela. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme If Jenda saja was translated literarly, I just stay here but it was translated with I am here, his mami explained that sh e prefered to stay at Ego’s house. Jenda is as unmarked theme in SL and it was translated with impersonal pronoun here. The clause of 104 in TL has the subject I as unmarked theme. Text : 4 The researcher and his wife went to see his relatives, and found his senina ’s parents there. They had the dialog : 105.SL. Ego : Ma sehat nge, pa? TL. Ego : Are well sir? Ma sehat nge,pa? YesNo question as theme Rheme Universitas Sumatera Utara unmarked topical theme Are you well sir? YesNo question as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Ma is yesno question in SL and was translated with , Are you in TL. Both themes are different syntactically, ma translated literarly are and sehat with well, and nge in SL is untranslatable. The structure rule of theme in clause no 105a finite are followed by adjective ‘well’ and nge as particle. Polar interrogative can be found in the clause 105 SL, from the table 4.5 it can be shown that Ma is yesno question in SL and was translated with , Are you in TL. Finite are in TL is used and followed by adjective in the present tense. The structure rules of SL and TL in clause 105 are different, as follows : Finite + adjective in a polar interrogative clause in TL Finite + subject in a polar interrogative clause in TL 106.SL. Bapa :Bagenda nari nge si sehatna, nak. TL. Bapa : Here is the best condition of my health. Bagenda nari nge si sehatna, nak. Impersonal Bagenda as theme Rheme Marked Theme Here is the best condition of my health Impersonal here as theme Rheme marked Theme Bagenda was translated with here as unmarked theme in SL. Bagenda and here are subjects as unmarked theme, if Bagenda is translated leterally, it will be ‘like this’ but in this clause the speaker would like to inform his condition therefore it was translated with ‘here’, as to show the condition of his body. In clause 106 TL , the word here was considered as the topical theme in TL. 107.SL. Bapa : Ku rumahken , uga maka ko melaun ku jenda, ras Universitas Sumatera Utara permen e?. TL. Ego’s father : Come in , why do you come here so late , with this permain? Ku rumahken uga maka ko melaun ku jenda, ras permen e?. Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Come in , why do you come here so late , with this permain? Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Ku rumahken is adjunct as imperative in SL, it consist of preposition followed by noun suffex –ken. Noun plus suffix –ken, forms the imperative in SL. Ku rumahken and come in are imperative as unmarked theme, ku rumahken is prepositional phrase as imperative and was translated with come in as imperative. Both have the same meaning but they have different structure.. 108.SL. Ego : Sibuk aku sangana gungari, pa TL. Ego : I am busy right now, sir. Sibuk aku sangana gungari, pa. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme I am busy right now, sir. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Sibuk aku is subject as nominal group and was translated with I am busy. Sibuk aku consist of adjective plus noun and ‘I’ is subject as unmarked theme and followed to be and adjective ‘am busy’. The lexical category of I is pronoun and it has the function as subject. 109.SL. Bapa ; Kaikin nda tem?. TL. Egos’s father : What do you want? Universitas Sumatera Utara Kaikin nda tem?. WH-element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme What do you want? WH-element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Kai kin in SL as a unmarked Theme in a word question consist of the word question followed by kin , it is translated with ‘what’ . What is a unmarked theme in WH- element. Kin in SL is untranslatable, it is used to emphasize the question. 110.SL. Ego : Nukur telor, te permenndu pa. TL. Ego : Your permain wants to buy eggs Nukur , telor te permenndu pa. Predicated as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Your permain wants to buy eggs Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme The form of the clause 110 SL consists of V + O + S and it was translated with Your permain wants to buy eggs in the TL. It consists of S + V + O. Nukur as imperative theme in SL and your permain as nominal group as unmarked theme. The initial constituent of clause in SL Nukur telor is verbal group as a theme was changed to be Your permain as a theme. Your permain is used in the initial of the clause the TL and it is subject as theme, it is nominal group. There was the structure shift in the process of translating theme in SL with theme in TL. The structure rule of Nukur telor is verb plus noun. 111.SL. Ego’s father : Ena telor simbaru, edenga mbah seninam. TL. Ego : Those new eggs, they have been brought by your brother Universitas Sumatera Utara Ena telor simbaru , edenga mbah seninam. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Those new eggs they have been brought by your brother Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Ena telor simbaru is the subject as unmarked theme in SL and ‘Those’ is pronoun as nominal group in the clause. Those is Equative as subject as unmarked theme. 112.SL. Bapa : Ah manca-manca ningen pak permen e. TL. Ego’s father : Have that manca-manca ‘ a small short chair’ ningen to this permain Ah manca-manca ningen pak permen e. Nominal group as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Have that manca-manca ‘ a small short chair’ ningen to this permain Offering as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Ah is subject as theme in SL and ‘have ’ is the imperative as unmarked theme in the clause 114 SL. 113.SL. Bapa : Pilihi sigalangna ningen pak permen, e. TL. Ego’s father : Choose the biggest ones ningen pak permain e. Pilihi sigalangna ningen pak permen, e Predicated as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Choose the biggest ones ningen pak permain e Predicated as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Both of pilihi and Choose are imperative, they have the same position in the clauses and they have the same meaning. They are unmarked themes in the imperative clauses. 114.SL. Ego’s wife : Oe ningen pak bengkila e. TL. Ego’s wife : Yes ningen’ say’ to bengkila e Oe ningen pak bengkila e. Cont as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Yes ningen’ say’ to bengkila e Cont as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Oe and yes were used at the initial of the clause. Oe is continuative in SL and it was translated into yes, in the TL this related to the context of speaking that someone was about to continue speaking. Oe is the expression of agreeing the opinion or statement. Both of unmarked themes have the same meaning. 115.SL. Bapa : Buat tutupna man nande ndu e Surya. TL. Ego’s father : Have the cover to your nande, Surya, Buat tutupna man nande ndu e Surya. imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Have the cover to your nande Surya Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Buat tutupna and have the cover are imperative , they have the same structure, meaning and their postion in the clause. 116.SL. Ego’s wife : La pedah nakku enda enggo lit tutupna. TL. Ego’s wife : No, thanks nakku here I have got its cover La pedah nakku enda enggo lit tutupna. Yesno answer as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme No, thanks nakku here I have got its cover Yesno answer as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara La pedah and No, thanks are themes in negative answers. La pedah and No, thanks are negative answers used in initial clauses of SL and TL. La pedah in SL was translated with No, thanks in TL, they are the expression of thanks to refuse the offereing and it can be translated with no problems, that’s OK. La and no are continuative adjuncts as textual themes. 117.SL. Turangku : Uga maka melaun seh jenda, nina turangku ? TL. Ade’s Turangku : Why did turangku arrive here so late, nina turangku ? Uga maka melaun seh jenda, nina turangku ? WH-element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Why did turangku arrive here so late, nina turangku ? WH-element as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Uga in SL is as an unmarked theme in a word question without following a subject , it is translated with ‘why’ . Why is a unmarked theme in WH- element. Addition subject as the third person is used in TL but in SL it is a hidden subject. If nina turangku is translated, literally it is turangku says so. Here the dialog is not directly held between turangku, instead using nina turangku as a way to have others to respond the dialog as a mediator. 118.SL. Ade : Ndekah ka nda nimai maka dat motor i terminal ningen pak turangku e. conjunctive adjunct, textual theme. TL. Ade : I waited a long time for the bus at the bus terminal ningen pak turangku e ‘say so to turangku e. Ndekah ka nda nimai maka dat motor i terminal ningen pak turangku e. conjunctive adjunct, textual theme adjective group Rheme marked theme I waited a long time for the bus at the bus terminal ningen pak turangku e ‘say so to turangku e. Pronoun as the subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Ndekah ka nda is as an adjective group and was translated with I waited a long time. Ndekah ka nda consist of adjective plus adverb and ‘ka’ is not translated in TL. Adjective as the theme in SL and in the TL the subject pronoun of I is used as the unmarked theme it is the hidden subject in the SL. 119.SL. Ade : Eah dage ban mis perpanganta gelah kita man. TL. Ade’s turangku : Let’s prepare our lunch. Eah dage ban mis perpanganta gelah kita man. Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Let’s prepare our lunch. Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Let’s is unmarked theme in imperative clause. Eah and let’s are imperative as unmarked theme, Eah is as imperative and was translated with let’s as imperative. Both have the same meaning but they have different structure. 120.SL. Ade : Tambahi nakan bengkilandu Apang. TL. Ad e’s Turangku : Add some more your bengkila’s rice, Apang. Tambahi nakan bengkilandu Apang. Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Add some more your bengkila ’s rice, Apang. Imperative as theme Rheme unmarked topical theme Both of tambahi and add are imperative, they have the same position in the clauses and they have the same meaning. They are unmarked themes in the imperative clauses. 121.SL. Ade : Labo aku mbiar man ningen pak turangku e?. TL. Ade’s Turangku : I do as my home, ningen pak turangku e. Labo aku mbiar man ningen pak turangku e?. Complement clause as the subject Rheme unmarked topical theme I do as my home , ningen pak turangku e. Complement clause as the subject Rheme unmarked topical theme Universitas Sumatera Utara Labo aku mbiar man and I do as my home, were used at the initial of the clause. Labo aku mbiar man is complement clause as the subject in SL and it was translated into I do as my home, the unmarked theme in the SL was translated int the unmarked theme in the TL, this related to the context of social that someone was about to respond the offering the cultural equivalence. Labo aku mbiar man is the expression of agreeing the opinion or statement. Both of unmarked themes have the same meaning. In this case the participant has alternative to add or not of his lunch. The analysis of the themes during the translation of rebu in Karonese language and culture into English has revealed the existence of a variety of different themes. These have been classified into three categories according to the classification of themes, they are textual theme, interpersonal theme and topical theme. The following table shows the numbers of each three categories of themes: Table 5.1. Overall Distribution of themes in the data of KL Types of Theme Text Number of Clauses Textual Theme Interpersonal Theme Topical Theme Marked Unmarked 1 25 7, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 6 - 1, 3, 5, 11, 15, 16,24 7 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 23 , 25,12 2 75 28, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 53, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 78, 86, 87, 88, 95, 99 24 33, 44, 94, 98 4 29, 32, 34, 36, 41, 55, 57, 58, 59, 66, 67, 69, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 91, 92, 96 20 26, 27, 30, 31, 37,38, 45 ,47. 48,51, 56, 61, 72, 76, 79, 70, 71, 73,75, 80, 84, 85,89,90, 93, 97, 100. 27 3 21 102, 114, 116, 3 101, 121 2 118 1 103, 104, 105 106, 10, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 119 120 15 Tota l 121 33 6 28 54 100 27.27 4.95 23.14 44.62 Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 5.1 above shows the percentage of themes of rebu texts for the point of departure in the clause. The themes of rebu clauses are variatives. The number of of textual, interpersonal, and topical themes are different. The most theme in rebu clauses is topical theme. For Karonese language the topical themes were found at the initial sentences and they are , pronoun, nominal groups and nominalization as subjects of the sentences. The topical theme consists of unmarked and marked themes. The unmarked themes are more frequent than marked themes in the translation of rebu texts in Karonese society into English. Table 5.2. Overall distribution of themes in the data of English Types of Theme Text Number of Clauses Textual Theme Interpersonal Theme Topical Theme Marked Unmarked 1 25 7, 13, 14, 18, 21 5 1, 3, 5, 11, 16, 17, 25 7 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 5, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 13 2 75 28, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 78, 86, 87, 88, 95, 99 24 33, 44, 94, 98, 4 29, 32, 34, 36, 41, 55, 57, 58, 67, 69, 74, 81, 82, 83, 91, 92 16 26, 27, 30, 31, 37, 38, 45, 47, 48, 51, 56, 59, 61, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 84, 85, 89, 90, 93, 96, 97, 100 31 3 21 102, 114, 116, 121 4 101 1 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120 16 Total 121 33 5 23 60 100 27.27 4.13 19.00 49.58 Universitas Sumatera Utara The first source of data were from the text of mukul , which consists of having dinner together, changing the kins term in Karonese culture, having the representative of the groom’s relatives in the bride’s village. Rebu in a Karonese family exists in the changing the kins term in their relatives. The structure of a sentence in the process of translation can be seen from a theme and rheme of SL and TL. The clauses of SL were translated into the TL and the themes of the TL were seen in the Table 5.2. The topical theme of the translated clauses in English consist of one structural element functioning as a participant, process or circumstance in the clause. In the TL the textual themes as the starting point of meaning are found in conjunctive adjuncts to connect to structure of the clauses. The amount of textual themes in SL and TL are same. There is no shift in the process of translating textual theme of SL into TL. Continuative and conjunctive adjuncts are found in the process of translating SL into TL. The textual themes are more frequent than interpersonal themes in the translation of rebu texts in Karonese society into English . An interesting point is that the number of interpersonal themes is very low. The rebu texts were also analyzed concerning the frequency of interpersonal themes, and a relative similarity was found across English texts in their translated texts. The most frequent type of interpersonal themes was modal adjuncts in rebu texts and finite verbal operators in English texts. In the area of topicalization, most items in SL were translated into TL as unmarked themes and few items of marked themes in SL were translated and changed as unmarked themes in TL. Universitas Sumatera Utara The number of marked theme and unmarked theme in SL and TL are different after translating the clauses of SL into the TL. There were the shifts in the process of translation. Table 5.3. Halliday’s model analysis of theme in declarative clauses of Karonese language Function Class Clauses Unmarked Theme Subject Nominal Group : Pronoun as head 51 Nominal Group : Common or proper noun as head 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 38, 47, 48, 61, 65. 76, 79, 70, 73, 75, 80,84, 85, 89, 90, 97, 103, 104, 06, 108, 111, Nominalization 93, 65 Marked Theme Adjunct Adverbial Group 1, 32, 24, 104, Prepositional Phrase 3, 11, 16, 29, 34, 36, 41, 55, 57, 74, 77, 81, 82, 93, 96, 98, 100, Complement Nominal Group : Common or proper noun as head Nominal Group : Pronoun as head Nominalization Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 5.4 Halliday’s model analysis of theme in declarative clauses in English Function Class Clauses Unmarked Theme Subject Nominal Group : Pronoun as head 51, Nominal Group : Common or proper noun as head 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 31, 38, 47, 48, 61, 66, 76, 77, 79, 80, 84, 90, 96, 97, 104, 106, 108,

110, 111