Both, Sekalak kela si meteh adat in SL and A kela who knows adat , in
TL are subject as unmarked themes. Meteh adat is social culture in Karonese society, someone will be desapointed if he is said la meteh adat
‘ do not know custom’. To know adat in Karonese society means someone practices rakut sitelu
knows and it is different with knowing adat in TL.
5.2.2.3 Politeness problems
The different concepts of polite terms of linguistic and culture in Karonese society are untranslatable words because the use made of them in English are not
at all alike. Linguistic politeness in Karonese language occur in pronoun. They are personal pronoun and possessive pronoun. There is no lexical or syntactical
substitution in English for polite linguistic in Karonese language.
Ndu is as possessive linguistic polite in SL attached to the noun to denote possessive. Permendu is translated with your daughter in law,
Karonese cultural terms are difficult to transfer into English because they are not similar and they cannot be translated into English. However, we accept
them in each explanation. A few examples from culture specific items data and politeness in SL show
that the solutions to these problems were needed which related to the translation strategies that can be employed in order to overcome the difficulties and problems
involved in translating the SL into the TL.
a. Speech act
The speech act of the participants of rebu is very unique, certain expressions such as
nina …. followed by kela, turangku, mami, permain or bengkila are applied to avoid to talk directly. The expression of ningen pak kela, ningen pak
turangku, ningen pak mami, ningen pak permain or bengkila e is applied if there
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is a mediator among the participants of rebu. The equivalences of this culture do not occur in the TL and they are other problems in translating ST into TT.
b. Media of politeness
The media used by the participants of rebu to communicate among themselves are by the third participant as a mediator, by mentioning an inaminate
thing which is close to the speakers to transfer their message. To keep the politeness among themselves, they made the separation when they do something.
5.2.3. Translation Methods and Procedures Used in Translating Problems in
rebu texts in Karonese society
In the process of translating rebu texts in Karonese society into English, the researcher applied translation methods, and ranslation procedures. Both types of
translations were available to resolve the problems in translating ST into TT of this study. Culture specific items, culture specific bound terms and politeness
were the problems in translating rebu texts in Karonese society into English, they
were difficult to translate. These three items issues were the centre of analysis. Each item was classified into its categorical problems.
Translation methods should be applied regarding to the linguistic and cultural problems. Different strategies are used as the signposting of the
researcher to translate the SL into the TL. Transposition procedures at the unit level of word, phrase, clause, and sentence are applied in this study .
Translation procedures to overcome the different cultural problems in this study are by using descriptive equivalence and couplets . In relation to previous
two translation strategies oppositions in 2.6.1 the researcher considered the solutions for these problems were resolved by the translation procedures.
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5.2.3.1 Methods to translate the problems in translating rebu texts in
Karonese society into English
To solve the problems of untranslatable culture and kinship terms in Karonese society, Newmark’s methods of translation were applied to solve these
problems.
a. Literal translation
The method used to translate the clause 85 is literal translation method.
The nominal group of Permain ibas kalak Karo in SL was translated with Permain in Karonese society. Permain in this clause had narrow meaning, it
focused only on daughter in law. If we translated permain
in SL with ‘daughter in law’, it had the different context of meaning. Permain ibas kalak Karo in SL and
permain in Karonese society in TL are nominalization as unmarked themes. The methods used in rebu texts were literal and semantic methods of translation
strategies.
b. Semantic translation
The translation of rebu texts in SL into the TL were focused on the SL because the cultural words in SL do not have the equivalences in TL. Flexibility
in the process of translation can not be avoided therefore semantic translation method was applied to transfer the meaning of SL cultural words into TL.
5.2.3.2 Procedures in translating culture specific bound terms.
Procedures of translation used in this study are 1
Descriptive equivalence 2
Cultural equivalence 3
Transference 4
Shifts or transpositions
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5 Paraphrase
6 Couplets
7 Notes
In Karonese culture the participants of rebu have understood that ngerana
ernina mami is a way of communicating to his rebu that his mami and both ngerana and ernina are verbs in SL and its translation is be able to use the words
nina mami in speaking to his mami. Here the descriptive equivalence procedure is applied and this cultural expression was explained with the lengthy explaination.
Dependent clause in 88 SL adi perbulangen permain mate, and secara adat Karo mengizinken tutur bengkilana, eme salah sada senina bengkilana
nggantiken sienggo idilo dibata jadi perbulangenna is independent clause.
The cultural problems in this clause is the cultural word tutur erbengkila, has no equivalence in TL. It was translated with the bengkila
’s brother and culturally he might marry his brother’s daughter in law. This situation does not exist in TL
and they do not have the similar culture, so the explaination was needed in TL. If lako man or lako mangan is translated into TL, it means the existence of a
man just for eating in his new marriage. Lako man or lako mangan is a system
of marriage if a brother’s son was dead, his daughter in law could be married by her father in law’s brother.
In the process of translating ST, the researcher as the translator used the translation procedures which addressed to sentences and smaller units of
language within that text. Translation procedures are applied to formulate an equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source
Text ST to the Target Text TT.
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The specific cultural bound terms were explained in several words to transfer the meaning of the SL by using descriptive equivalent. It was supported
by shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, i change from singular to plural, ii the change required when a
specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, iii change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth.
Some of SCBT were transferred by using the Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed
than that of descriptive equivalent. In certain translation problems a certain translation procedure was not
enough to translated SL into the TL instead combining with two or more translation procedures were done to solve the translation problems. Footnotes
were used to add some more information about SCBT in SL.
a. The differences between Politeness in Karonese Society and English
