Imitative. Intensive. A second type of speaking frequently employed

exchanges, oral production can become pragmatically complex with the need to speak in a casual register and use colloquial language, ellipsis, slang, humor, and other sociolinguistic conversations.

5. Extensive monologue.

Extensive oral production tasks include speeches, oral presentations, and story-telling, during which the opportunity for oral interaction from listeners is either highly limited perhaps to nonverbal responses or ruled out altogether. Language style is frequently more deliberative planning is involved and formal for extensive tasks, but we cannot rule out certain informal monologues such as casually delivered speech for example, my vacation in the mountains, a recipe for outstanding pasta primavera, recounting, the plot of a novel or movie. b Micro- And Macroskills Of Speaking In chapter 6, a list of listening micro- and macroskills enumerated various components of listening that make up criteria for assessment. A similar list of speaking skills can be drawn up for the same purpose: to serve as taxonomy of skills from which you will select one or several that will become the objectives of an assessment task. The microskills refer to producting the smaller chunks of language such as phonemes, morphemes, words, collocations and phrasal units. The macroskills imply the speakers_ focus on the larger elements: fluency, discourse, function, style, cohesion, nonverbal communication, and strategic options. The micro-and macroskills total roughly 16 different objectives to assess in speaking. Micro- and macrosklls of oral production Micro skills 1. Produce differences among English phonemes and allophonic variants. 3. Produce chunks of language of different lengths. 4. Produce English stress patterns, words in stressed and unstressed positions, rhythmic structure and intonation contours. 5. Produce reduced forms of words and phrases. 6. Use an adequate number of lexical units words to accomplish pragmatic purposes. 7. Produce fluent speech at different rates of delivery 8. Monitor ones own oral production and use various strategic devices-pauses, tillers, self-corrections, backtracking-to enhance the clarity of the message. 9. Use grammatical word classes nouns, verbs, etc, system e.g., tense, agreement, pluralization, word order, patterns, rules and elliptical forms 10. Produce speech in natural constituents: in appropriate phrases, pause groups, and sentence constituents 11. Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms 12. Use cohesive devices in spoken discourse Macroskills 13. Appropriately accomplish communicative functions according to situations, participants, and goals. 14. Use appropriate styles, registers, implicature, redundancies, pragmatic conventions, conversations rules, floor keeping, and-yielding, interrupting, and other sociolinguistics features