5153 The diagram describes the translation process that consists of three stages: 1 analysis, in which the
surface structure i.e, the message as given in language A is analyzed in terms of a the grammatical relationships and b the meanings of the words and combinations of the words, 2 transfer, in which the
analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B, and 3 restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully
acceptable in the receptor language. Then, the process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator
changing an original written text the source text or ST in the original verbal language the source language SL into a written text the target text or TT in a different verbal language the target language or TL. This
type corresponds to ‗interlingual translation‘ and is one of the three categories of translation described by the Czech st
ructuralist Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper ‗On Linguistic Aspects of Translation‘ Jakobson 19592000: 114. Jakobson‘s categories are namely; a. intralingual translation: an interpretation of verbal sings
by means of other signs of the same language; b. interlingual translation: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; c. intersemiotic translation: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs
of non-verbal sign systems Munday: 2001: 5.
2.1.1 The Methods of Translation
In the process of translation, a translator needs to apply the methodologies or the strategies to get a translation. Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti 2000: 84 mentioned two types of translating; direct and oblique
translation in general. Direct translation techniques is composed three types, namely; a borrowing; to take the words directly from one language into another without translation. for example, the word hamburger from
German and resume from French are translated as they are in Indonesian, b calque is a phrase borrowed from another language and translated literally word
– for – word. For example in English-French calque; Compliments of the Season and Compliments de la saison, c literal translation is a word
– for – word translation that can be used in some languages and not others dependent on the sentence structure. For
instance, in Indonesian and English; saya makan nasi and I eat rice. While oblique translation techniques are namely; a Transposition means where parts of speech change their sequence when they are translated. For
instance, blue ball becomes boule bleue in French. In transposition, it can be the change from plural to singular eg: kemiri becomes candlenuts, an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL eg: nasi goreng
becomes fried rice, the use of idioms in which the meaning is natural hujan turun lebat becomes it’s raining
like cats and dogs, and the replacement of virtual lexical gap by grammatical structure eg: dia memasak di dapur becomes she cooks in the kitchen, b Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the
source and target languages to convey the same idea: Te lo dejo means literally I leave it to you but they translate better as You can have it, c Equivalence is the process of translation completely different stylistic and
structural methods: in French the cry of pain would be transcribed as ―Aiel‖, but in English it would be interpreted as ―Ouch‖, d Adaptation occurs when something specific to one language culture is expressed in
a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language culture. It is a shift in cultural environment:Trois homes et un couffin in French becomes Three men and a baby in English.
2.1.2 Translation and Culture
