Education and Leadership in Glocalization : What does “think globally, act locally” mean for education around the world?
21-24
2014
286
2. The purpose of the study
1. To investigate the problems of student teaching supervision by university supervisors at
Prince of Songkla University under the context of the southern border provinces area.
2. To study the directions of student teaching supervision by university supervisors at Prince of
Songkla University under the context of the southern border provinces area.
3. Scope of the study
The scope of the study composes of 1 the roles of university supervisors, 2 the supervision methods,
3 the direction of supervision program in the future, 4 motivation and the context of three southern border
provinces. A university supervisor is defined as a person who has been assigned to supervise, closely
consult to, giving suggestion and help to the advisee. Moreover, the university supervisor plays four key
roles: 1.1 supervise student teaching by several methods like teaching observation, teaching
demonstration, lesson plan supervision etc., 1.2 advise the student teachers about the profession
knowledge, teacher affairs and teacher practicum, 1.3 measure and assess the student teaching, 1.4
coordinate and establish a good relationship between the teacher production institutions and the schools
where the student teaching is happened and cooperate with the teacher production institutions to improve the
system of student teaching. Secondly, the supervision methods involve any means used in the supervision or
any model of the supervision depending on the concepts and belief in each period. It can be seen that
the means of the supervision relates to the progress of the education management. For example, the clinic
supervision is a model of teaching observation process to improve the quality of teaching. Many
educationists and supervisory specialists have proposed the process of the clinic supervision
consisting of many models. The model of Goldhammer Goldhammer : 34 – 49 , cited in
Thaipanit, N
. 1992: 101 – 102 is a model of the clinic supervision consisting of five steps: 1 pre-
teaching observation meeting, 2 observe teaching, 3 analyze data and determine the process of supervision
meeting, 4 supervision meeting and 5 supervisory behavior analysis meeting. Another supervision
model is the goodwill and instructional supervision Kalayanimit supervision. Amornvivut, S
. 2003 mentioned that the model of the goodwill and
instructional supervision Kalayanimit supervision is a process to improve learning classified by four
components: give, join, intend and open. Third, the direction of supervision program in the future will be
talked about the tendency of indirect supervision involving the media, computer, communication
technology etc. The advance of communication technology plays a significant role in the supervision
management in the future involving self-supervision, remote supervision, indirect supervision etc. Fourth,
the motivation involves both internal and external motivation that stimulates the behavioral direction to
the success as needed. The last one is the context of three southern border provinces which are Pattani,
Yala and Narathiwas where there are the insurgency situations, daily killing, bombing, shooting teachers
and governmental officials, These affect the insecurity of life and properties.
4. Research Methodology
This study is a qualitative research. The research is designed to use case study involving different
informants and various social situations Yin, 2005. The research instrument is semi-structure
questionnaire. The main informants are 10 regular university supervisors having at least continuing three
years experiences on student teaching supervision in the southern border provinces area at the faculty of
Education, Prince of Songkla University. The main informants are chosen by purposeful selection and
named by pseudonym. The researcher employs the technique of content analysis based on Fraenkel
และ Wallen 2006 with brief data analysis procedures as
following 1 determining objectives, 2 defining terms 3 specifying the unit of analysis 4 coding emerging
themes and 5 identifying themes.
5. Results and Discussion
1. The problems of student teaching supervision by university supervisors under the context of the
southern border provinces area 1.1 The university supervisors have overloaded
tasks resulting in having no time for the supervision. The finding shows that mostly the supervisors
assigned as a university supervisor have been the teachers from Demonstration School of Prince of
Songkla University since the number of the lecturers of the faculty are not sufficient. The teachers have
been assigned as a university supervisor. In addition, the teachers of Demonstration School of Prince of
Songkla University normally have a lot of teaching hours and have to be responsible for several tasks.
Being assigned as a university supervisor furthers hisher works leading to discontinuous supervision. It
relates to Amornrutsug P
1996 ; Dangsungnon B , 2002 stating that the number of the university
supervisors have not been adequate to the number of the student teachers. Most of the university
supervisors do not mutually consult with the school supervisors to solve the student teaching issue and do
not contact the schools to send the students for the student teaching. The university supervisors also have
overloaded teaching hours and have to deal with many tasks excluding the student teaching supervision
causing that their time does not suffice for the supervision.
Overloaded tasks of the university supervisors causing the inadequate time for supervising the
student teaching are generated from the sufficient number of the university supervisors caused from the
Education and Leadership in Glocalization : What does “think globally, act locally” mean for education around the world?
21-24
2014
287
management of lecturers’ ratio of the university. It leads to the appointment of the university supervisors
among the teachers of Demonstration School of Prince of Songkla University. In other words, their
overloaded tasks are doubled by the appointment affecting the discontinuous supervision and the
quality of the student teachers.
1.2 The insurgency situations in three southern border provinces
The findings show that the insurgency situations in three southern border provinces affect
how local people run their everyday life especially the group of teachers. For example, the situations set by
the terrorism have an effect on the insecurity of life and properties. The findings are similar to
mentioning that the insurgency situations in three southern border provinces are quite serious and
complicated. For the point of view of some university supervisors, the insurgency situations impact the
morale in supervising the student teaching in the area conforming to Sungtong, E
2008 stating the issue of lacking the morale in the operation caused from the
insurgency situations and the insecurity of life and properties produced by the insurgency situations
killing some of the teachers in the area.
Furthermore, the study is found that most of the university supervisors think that the insurgency
situations in three southern border provinces affect their decision on going into the area to supervise the
student teaching of their advisees because of the insecurity of life and properties relating to the theory
of Maslow’s Need Hierarchy mentioning the security needs Maslow, 1970: 121. Some university
supervisors think that the insurgency situations in three southern border provinces are occurred in some
periods and some areas. Thus, if the university supervisors understand the context of the area, they
will be ready to adjust the plan of supervising the student teaching of the students following the
situations. The reason might be from the university supervisors having experienced the student teaching
supervision for many years and the university supervisors living in the southern border provinces
area. Because of these, the university supervisors think that supervising the student teaching in the area
should be remained, but the supervision plan may be changed depending on the situations in case that the
insurgency terrorism is occurred in order to keep the students’ benefits. This research result is consistent
with the concept of Herzberg
และ Synderman 1959 from the Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation explaining
that the achievement is generated from the task finished and well completed by a person. This point
shows that the university supervisors still agree that a good university supervisor should be responsible for
supervising the student teaching and doing the teaching observation by himselfherself because it has
an effect on the students’ quality directly.
2. The direction of the student teaching supervision by the university supervisors at Prince of
Songkla University under the context of the southern border provinces area
2.1 IT must be employed in the direction of supervision.
The study is found that the university supervisors anticipate the importance of going into the
area to supervise the student teaching of the students and agree that for the supervision of student teaching
of the students at Prince of Songkla University, the university supervisors have to complete it by
themselves at the schools where the student teaching is happened in order to do teaching observation in the
classroom, consult to the students, give the students advises , assess the student teaching, discuss the
issues between the students and school supervisors corresponding to the concepts that the university
supervisors’ roles are to supervise the advisees, closely observe teaching in the classroom of the
student teachers, consult and give suggestion to the students, and help the students Khuanwang, W.
;2006; Teacher Training Department, 1988; Scott and Moore, 1993; Maitreephun W , 2009. Additionally,
all the university supervisors have the same opinion on the importance of teaching observation to see the
real condition and to be easy to give the relevant suggestions as the teaching of the students. It is
consistent with the concept of Goldhammer : 34 – 49 , cited in Thaipanit, N
. 1992 : 101 – 102 stating that the clinic supervision is a model of the teaching
observation process for improving the quality of education. Most of the university supervisors also
have similar view on the supervision. A way of the supervision is not to find fault with the students, but
friendly helps them develop their teaching conforming to the concept of Amornvivut, S
. 2003 talking about the process of goodwill instructional
supervision Kalayanimit supervision is the process to improve learning consisting of four components:
give, join, intend and open. However, the context of the area with the insurgency situations, the issue of
lacking the morale in the operation generated by the insurgency situations and the insecurity of life and
properties from the insurgency situations Sungtong E, 2008 affects the change of the
supervision procedures.
The study is found that the supervision involving observing teaching by the university
supervisors themselves is necessary, but the insurgency situations make all of the university
supervisors think that communication or telecommunication technology should be employed in
the supervision which is consistent with the concept of Loureindeer W
2011 saying that a supervisor will use more the technology in the management of
teaching and teaching development. At the same time, Social Network plays an important role in the
supervision. Nevertheless, the use of communication technology should not be like e-supervision that a
supervisor and a student interact by typing. The findings suggest that the supervisor should give
Education and Leadership in Glocalization : What does “think globally, act locally” mean for education around the world?
21-24
2014
288
feedback as a real time interaction when observing teaching even though the supervisor and the student
are in the same place. This concept is linked with the words of Bunsuwan W
1995 saying that the way of education supervision in the next decade will be a
remote supervision involving several kinds of technology.
2.2 The use of supervision network The study was found that some of the
university supervisors agreed to find the solution by establishing the network with schools, directors and
educational supervisors in solve the discontinuous supervision issue. It is similar to the concept of
Bunsuwan W
1995 claiming about the means of education supervision in the next decade that the
supervision through a middleman is an education supervision allowing a supervisor to arrange the
student teaching supervision through an another person who will be assigned to supervise the teachers
in their school. However, there should be the improvement of school supervisors by establishing
the school supervisors’ network. In another word, if the school supervisors or teachers are not available to
supervise the student teaching, they can ask an educational supervisor for help in the supervision in
case that a university supervisor of the faculty cannot be on the duty. From those issues, it can be said that
the use of supervision network can help the university supervisors, but it has been from the small group of
the university supervisors and it has not involved with the opinion of the students who may require the
university supervisors to take care of them.
6. Conclusion
