Saran Formulasi lotion minyak nilam dan uji aktivitas repelan terhadap nyamuk Aedes aegypti.

B. Saran

1. Validasi contourplot superimposed dilakukan pada banyak titik agar dapat menggambarkan sifat fisik pada daerah optimum secara keseluruhan 2. Sebaiknya dilakukan replikasi pada saat pengujian aktivitas lotion minyak nilamm sehingga dapat diketahui signifikansi daya proteksi lotion minyak nilam dengan kontrol positif terhadap nyamuk A. aegypti. 3. Lotion perlu diperbaiki dari segi ukuran droplet. Salah satu cara untuk memperbaiki kestabilan ukuran droplet dengan penggunaan solid particle adsorption , misal : bentonite, magnesium hidroksida, alumunium hidroksida, dan magnesium trisilikat. 67 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Allen, L. V., 2014, Ansel’s Pharmaceuticals Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery System, 10 th ed., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp.466, 788. Ansel, H.C., 1989, Introduction to Pharmaceuticals Dosage Forms, Lea Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 248-251. Bolton, S., 1997, Pharmaceuticals Statistic Principal and Clinical Application, 3 rd ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 308-337, 532-574. Bunrathep, S., Lockwood, G. B., Songsak, T., and Ruangrungsi, N., 2006, Chemical Constituents from Leaves and Cell Cultures of Pogostemon cablin and Use of Precursor Feeding to Improve Patchouli Alcohol Level, ScienceAsia, 32, 293-296. Cazedey, E., Calvalho, F., Fiorentino, F., Gremiao, M., and Salgado, H., 2009, Corrositex, BCOP, and HET-CAM as alternative methods to animal experimentation, Braz J Med Biol Res, 34 2, 1-23. Chakrapani, P., et al., 2013, Phytochemical, Pharmacological Importance of Patchouli Pogostemon cablin Blanco Benth An Aromatic Medical Plant, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 21 2, 7-15. Debboun, M., Frances, and S.P., Strickman, D., 2006, Insect Repellents : Principles, Methods, and Uses, CRC Press, Florida, p.40. Degner, B.M., Cheryl C., Vicki S., Robert H., David J.M., 2014, Factors Influencing the Freeze-Thaw Stability of Emulsion-Based Foods, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 13 2, 98- 113. Draganoiu, E., Rajabi Siahboomi, A,, and Tjawari S., Carbomer in Rowe, R.C., et al., Handbook of Pharmaceuticals Excipients, 6 th ed., Pharmaceuticals Press, London, pp. 110-114. Dung, N. X., Leclercq, P. A., Thai, T. H., and Moi, L. D., 1989, Chemical Composition of Patchouli Oil of Vietnam, J. Essent. Oil Res., 12, 99- 100. Eccleston, G.M., and Florence, A.T., 1985, Application of emulsion theory to complex and real systems, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 7 5, 195-212. Felton, L.A., 2013, Remington: Essential of Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Press, London, p.387. Garg, A., Aggarwal, D., Garg, S., and Singla, A. K., 2002, Spreading of Semisolid Formulations, Pharmaceutical Technology, 26 9, 84-105. Ginanjar, G., 2007, Demam Berdarah, Bentang Pustaka, Jakarta, pp. 19-23. Gokulakhrishnan, J., Kuppusamy, E., Shanmugam, D., and Kaliyamoorthi K., 2013, Pupicidal and Repellent Activities of Pogostemon Cablin Essential oil Chemical Compound Against Medically Important Human Vector Mosquitoes, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 31, 26-31. Goskonda, SD., 2009, Triethanolamine, in Rowe, R.C., et al., Handbook of Pharmaceuticals Excipients, 6 th ed., Pharmaceuticals Press, London, pp. 754-755. Guan, L., Quan, LH., Xu, LZ., and Cong, PZ., 1994, Chemical Constituents of Pogostemon cablin Blanco Benth., Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 196, 355-6, 383. Guojon, Lv., Fumin W., Wangfeng C., and Xubin Z., 2014, Characterization of the addition of lipophilic Span 80 to the Hydrophilic Tween 80- Stabilized Emulsions, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 447, 8-13. Halley, S., 2009, Methylparaben Carbomer in Rowe, R.C., et al., Handbook of Pharmaceuticals Excipients, 6 th ed., Pharmaceuticals Press, London, pp. 442-445. Istianto, M., 2009, Pemanfaatan Minyak Atsiri, Alternatif Teknologi Pengendalian Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman Buah yang Ramah Lingkungan, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Tropika, Solok, p.35. Jufri M., Anwar E., dan Utami P. m., 2006, Uji Stabilitas Sediaan MikroemulsiMenggunakan Hidrosilat Pati De 35-40 Sebagai Stabilizer, Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 31, 8-20. Kibbe. AH., 2009, Acacia Rowe, R.C., et al., Handbook of Pharmaceuticals Excipients, 6 th ed., Pharmaceuticals Press, London, pp. 1-3. Kurniawan, D.W., dan Sulaiman, T.N., 2009, Teknologi Sediaan Farmasi, Graha Ilmu Yogyakarta, pp.97-99. Lieberman, H. A., Rieger, M. M, Banker, G. S., and Dekker, M., 1996, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems , Informa Healthcare, London, pp.257-258. Lundstet, T., Seifert, E., Abrambo, L., Thelin, B., Nystrom, A., and Pettersen, J., et al., 1998, Experimental Design and Optimization, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 42, 3-40. Luukinen, B., Buhl, K., and Stone, D., 2008, DEET Technical Fact Sheet, National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University Extension Services, pp. 1-9. Mahanta, J.J., and Sarma T.C., 2007, Study on Weed Flora and Their Influence on Patchouli Pogostemon cablin Benth. Oil and Patchoulol, Journal of Plant Science, 2:96-101. Martin, A., Swarbick, J., Cammarata, A., 1993, Physical Pharmacy, 3 rd ed., Lea Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 522-537, 1077-1119. Miyazawa, M., Okuno, Y., Nakamura, S., and Kosaka, H., 2000, Antimutagenic Activity of Flavonoids from Pogostemon Cablin, J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 642-647. Muzzafar, F., Singh, U. K., and Chauhan, L., 2013, Review on Microemulsion as Futuristic Drug Delivery, Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 53, 39-53. Nielloud, F., and Marti-Mestres, G., Eds. 2000, Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions, Marcell Dekker, New York, pp. 20-22. Ramya, H. G., Palanumuthu V., and Singla, R., 2103, An Introduction to Patchouli Pogostemon Cablin Benth.- A medicinal and Aromatic Plant: It‟s Importance to Mankind, Agric. Eng. Int: CIGR Journal, 152, 243- 250. Santoso, B.H., 1990, Bertanam Nilam, Kanisius, Yogyakarta, pp. 18-23. Sheikh, K.A., Baie, S. HJ., Khan, M. G., 2005, Haruan Chana Striatus Incorporated Palm-Oil Creams: Formulation and Stability Studies, Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 181, 1-5. Soedarto, 2011, Buku Ajar Parasitologi Kedokteran, Sagung Seto, Jakarta, pp. 269, 270. Subdirektorat Arbovirus, 2009, Database Kasus DBD pada Tahun 1968-2009, Ditjen PPPL, Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Thanasukarn P., Pongaswatmanit R., and D.J. McClements, 2004, Influence of Emulsifier Type on Freeze Thaw Stability of Hydrogenated Palm Oil-in- Water Emulsions, Foodhyd. Trongtokit, Y., Rongsriyam, Y., Komalamisra, N., and Apiwathnasorn, C., 2005, Comparative Repellency of 38 Oils Against Mosquito, Phytother. Res., 194, 303-309. Troy, D.B., and Beringer, P., 2006, Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21 st ed., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 246, 326, 759, 772. Unvala, HM., Cetyl Alcohol in Rowe, R.C., et al., Handbook of Pharmaceuticals Excipients, 6 th ed., Pharmaceuticals Press, London, pp. 154-156. Weller, PJ., Propylene Glicol in Rowe, R.C., et al., Handbook of Pharmaceuticals Excipients 6 th ed., Pharmaceuticals Press London, pp. 592-593. Zhang, D., 2009, Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters in Rowe, R.C., et al., Handbook of Pharmaceuticals Excipients, 6 th ed., Pharmaceuticals Press, London, pp. 554-556. Zhang, D., 2009, Sorbitan Esters in Rowe, R.C., et al., Handbook of Pharmaceuticals Excipients, 6 th ed., Pharmaceuticals Press, London, pp. 554-556. Zwiebel. L.J., Takken, W., 2004, Olfactory Regulation of Mosquito-Host Interaction, Insect Biochem Mol Biol, 347: 645 –652. 71 LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1. Surat Keterangan Pembelian Minyak Nilam dari Balitro Lampiran 2. Sertifikat Pengujian Minyak Nilam Lampiran 3. Perhitungan nilai HLB : HLB Span 80 = 4.3 HLB Tween 80 = 15 Nilai HLB Formula A Nilai HLB Formula B Nilai HLB Formula AB Nilai HLB Formula I Lampiran 4. Organoleptis Lotion Minyak Nilam

A. Penyimpanan 1 Bulan

Formula Pengamatan Lama Penyimpanan 48 jam 1 minggu 2 minggu 3 minggu 4 minggu A Warna Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Bau Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Tekstur Kental Kental Kental Kental Kental Homogenitas ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ Mikroba X X X X X B Warna Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Bau Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Tekstur Kental Kental Kental Kental Kental Homogenitas ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ Mikroba X X X X X AB Warna Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Bau Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Tekstur Kental Kental Kental Kental Kental Homogenitas ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ Mikroba X X X X X 1 Warna Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Putih kekunin gan Bau Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Tekstur Kental Kental Kental Cair Cair Homogenitas ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ Mikroba X X X X X Formula A Formula B Formula AB Formula I Lotion minyak nilam sebelum penyimpanan 1 bulan Formula A Formula B Formula AB Formula I Lotion Minyak Nilam pada minggu ke 4

B. Freeze Thaw Cycle

Form. Pengamatan Siklus ke 1 2 3 4 5 A Warna Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Bau Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Tekstur Kental Kental Kental Kental Kental Kental Homogenitas ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ Mikroba X X X X X X B Warna Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Bau Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Tekstur Kental Kental Kental Kental Kental Kental Homogenitas ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ Mikroba X X X X X X AB Warna Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Bau Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Tekstur Kental Kental Cair Cair Cair Cair Homogenitas ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ Mikroba X X X X X X 1 Warna Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Putih kekuni ngan Bau Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Khas minyak nilam Tekstur Kental Kental Cair Cair Cair Cair Homogenitas ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ ˅ Mikroba X X X X X X