Kesimpulan Saran KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

5.1. Kesimpulan

1. Edible film galaktomanan yang diinkorporasi dengan minyak atsiri kemangi GK 1 , GK 2 , GK 3 , GK 4 dan GK 5 bersifat antioksidan dan paling maksimum pada GK 4 serta bersifat antimikroba film GK 2 , GK 4 dan GK 5 paling besar aktivitasnya pada GK 5 . Ketebalan film 0,038 – 0,061 mm dan WVP adalah 4,92 x 10 -9 – 10,90 x 10 -9 kg s -1 m -1 Pa -1 , Terjadi perubahan karakteristik pita serapan pada FT-IR yang menunjukkan adanya interaksi antara campuran senyawa pembentuk edible film. Penambahan minyak atsiri kemangi pada GK 4 , menurunkan kuat tarik dan kemuluran serta analisis SEM menunjukkan bahwa minyak atsiri daun kemangi tidak dapat bercampur sempurna dengan film galaktomanan. Edible film GK 4 dapat terbiodegradasi oleh jamur Aspergillus niger, dapat mengurangi pertumbuhan bakteri pada ikan nila dan laju respirasi O 2 dan CO 2 pada ikan nila adalah 4,156 mLkg-jam dan 11,823 mLkg-jam.. 2. Galaktomanan biji aren kolang-kaling memiliki perbandingan galaktosa : manosa = 1 : 1,331, suhu dekomposisi termalnya diatas 440℃ sehingga aman digunakanan untuk produk makanan yang diolah pada suhu tinggi, bersifat antioksidan dengan IC 50 = 22,109 mgmL dan setelah diinkorporasikan dengan MADK maka sifat antioksidannya semakin meningkat 3. Minyak atsiri daun kemangi bersifat antioksidan dengan IC 50 = 21,56 mgmL dan bersifat antimikroba. Setelah diinkorporasikan pada galaktomanan sifat antioksidan semakin meningkat tetapi sifat antimikroba semakin menurun namun demikian masih dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri pada ikan nila.

5.2. Saran

Uji sifat emulsifier MADK terhadap larutan galaktomanan perlu dilakukan sehingga penggunaan MADK lebih efektif dan sifat emulsinya lebih stabil. Aktivitas antimikroba dan antioksidan edible film galaktomanan yang Universitas Sumatera Utara diinkorporasi minyak atsiri daun kemangi memiliki hasil yang baik tetapi masih harus dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut agar inkorporasi minyak atsiri kemangi kedalam edible film tersebar lebih merata pada permukaan film tersebut dan sebagai pertimbangan perlu ditambahkan pemlastis monogliserida dan digliserida. Hal lainnya yang masih perlu diteliti adalah aktivitas air A W dan proses pelepasan bahan aktif antimikroba dan antioksidan yang terinkorporasi pada edible film kedalam bahan makanan. 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Gambar A. 1 H-NMR 400 MHz Galaktomanan Funugrek Gum sumber: Muschin and Yosida, 2012 Gambar 1 H-NMR 500 MHz Galaktomanan Prosopis juliflorasumber: Viera, et al., 2012 Universitas Sumatera Utara 131 Lampiran 5. Gambar 13 C-NMR 125 MHz Galaktomanan Dari Prosopis juliflora sumber: Viera, et al., 2007 Lampiran 6. Gambar Morfologi Permukaan Galaktomanan Guar Gum sumber: Prashanth, et al., 2009 Universitas Sumatera Utara 132 Lampiran 7. Perhitungan Kadar Protein, Karbohidrat Total, Serat Kasar dan Lemak Pada Galaktomanan Kolang-Kaling SNI 01- 2891-1992

1. Penentuan Kadar Protein

Diketahui: Berat sampel contoh I = 10,0012 gram Berat sampel contoh II = 9,1250 gram Konsentrasi pentiter HCl = 0,0992 N Volume pentiter I HCl = 0,60 mL Volume pentiter II HCl = 0,55 mL Faktor pengenceran FP = 25050 Faktor koreksi protein umum FK = 6,25 Nitrogen = 0,014 Perhitungan: FP x V titer x N titer x 0,014 x FK Kadar Protein = Berat contoh x 100 25050 x 0,60 mL x 0,0992 N x 0,014 x 6,25 Kadar Protein I = 10,0012 x 100 = 0,2604 25050 x 0,55 mL x 0,0992 N x 0,014 x 6,25 Kadar Protein II = 9,1250 x 100 = 0,2616 Kadar protein I + Kadar Protein II Kadar Protein rata-rata = 2 0,2604 + 0,2616 = 2 = 0,261 . Universitas Sumatera Utara 133

2. Penentuan Kadar Karbohidrat

Diketahui: Berat sampel I = 2,9757 gram Berat Sampel II = 3,0001 gram Volume pentiter Na 2 S 2 O 3 = 12,50 mL Volume pentiter II = 12,45 mL Volume blanko = 23,95 mL Faktor Pengenceran FP = 50050 Konsentrasi pentiter = 0,1035 N Faktor koreksi karbohidrat = 0,90 Perhitungan: mL pentiter = V blanko - V contoh x N pentiter 0,1 = 23,95 - 12,50 x 0,1035 0,1 V blanko - V contoh x N pentiter 0,1 = = 11,85075 Nilai ini disesuaikan dengan data Luff Schoorl = 27,7 0,85075 x 2,7 = 29,997025 50050 x 29,997025 x 0,90 x 100 Kadar Karbohidrat I = 2, 9757 x 1000 = 90,73 Dengan cara yang sama dilakukan untuk menghitung sampel yang kedua. Kadar Karbohidrat II = 90,41 Universitas Sumatera Utara 134 Kadar Karbohidrat rata-rata = = 90,57 Kadar karbohidrat I + Kadar Karbohidrat II 2 Kadar Karbohidrat rata-rata = 90,73 + 90,41 2

3. Penentuan Kadar Serat Kasar

Diketahui: Besar sampel I = 2,3263 gram Besar sampel II = 2,2766 gram Berat kertas saring kosong A I = 1,0251 gram Berat kertas saring kosong A II = 1,0225 gram Berat cawan + endapan B I = 30,2348 gram Berat cawan + endapan B II = 32,7568 gram Berat cawan + abu C I = 26,8804 gram Berat cawan + abu C II = 29,4577 gram Perhitungan: = 8,06 B - C- A Kadar Serat Kasar I = 30,2318 - 26,8804 - 1,0251 Berat sampel x 100 2,3263 x 100 Kadar Serat Kasar = Dengan cara yang sama dilakukan untuk menghitung kadar serat kasar untuk sampel II Kadar serat kasar sampel II = 8,04 Universitas Sumatera Utara 135 Kadar Serat Kasar rata-rata = = 8,05 Kadar serat kasar I + Kadar serat kasar II 2 Kadar Serat Kasar rata-rata = 8,06 + 8,04 2

4. Penentuan Kadar Lemak

Diketahui: Berat sampel I = 10,3719 gram Berat sampel II = 10,3691 gram Labu kosong I = 131,4179 gram Labu kosong II = 131,3141 gram Labu + lemak I = 131,4287 gram Labu + lemak II = 131,4273 gram Perhitungan: Lemak = labu +lemak - labu kosong Berat Sampel I x 100 Lemak I = 131,4287 -131,4179 gram 10,3719 gram x 100 = 0,104 Dengan cara yang sama dilakukan untuk menghitung kadar lemak pada sampel II. Kadar lemak II = 0,098 Lemak rata-rata = = 0,101 Lemak I + Lemak II 2 = 0,104 + 0,098 2 Universitas Sumatera Utara 136 Lampiran 8. Perhitungan Inhibisi dan IC 50 Untuk Galaktomanan Kolang-Kaling Sampel di gunakan untuk konsentrasi 2 mgmL. Diketahui: Absorbansi kontrol = 0,8539 Absorbansi sampel 2 mgmL = 0,7138 Perhitungan nilai inhibisi untuk konsentrasi 2 mgmL pada menit ke – 30 adalah: Inhibisi = A. Kontrol - A. Sampel A. Kontrol x 100 0,8539 - 0,7138 0,8539 x 100 = 16,41 Inhibisi 2 mgmL = Dengan cara yang sama dilakukan untuk menghitung inhibisi pada konsentrasi 4 mgmL; 6 mgmL; 8 mgmL dan 10 mgmL. Nilai IC 50, diperoleh daripersamaan garis regresi secara umum Y = ax + b, dengan metode Least Sguare nilai a slope dapat dihitung dengan persamaan dibawah ini: X Konsentrasi Y Inhibisi rata- rata XY X 2 2 16,41 32,82 4 4 18,14 72,56 16 6 21,42 128,52 36 8 22,20 177,6 64 10 22,99 229,9 100 Ʃ X = 30 Ʃ Y = 101,16 Ʃ XY = 641,4 Ʃ X 2 = 220 Universitas Sumatera Utara 137 Ʃ XY – Ʃ X ƩYn Dimana : a slope = Ʃ X 2 – Ʃ X 2 n = 641,4 - 30 x 101,166 220 - 30 x 306 = 1,937 b = ∑ − ∑ 6 b = 101,16 − 1,937 5 6 b = 7,175 Konsentrasi bahan uji yang diperlukan untuk menangkap 50 radikal DPPH• selama 30 menit IC 50 adalah: Y = a X + b 50 = 1,937 X + 7,175 X = 50 – 7,175 1,937 = 22,109 Jadi konsentrasi galaktomanan yang dibutuhkan untuk menangkap radikal 50 adalah 22,109 mgmL atau IC 50 = 22,109 mgmL. Universitas Sumatera Utara 138 Lampiran 9. Spektrum FT-IR MADK Universitas Sumatera Utara 139 Lampiran 10. Perhitungan Inhibisi dan IC 50 Untuk MADK Sampel MADK di gunakan yang konsentrasinya 5 mgmL. Diketahui: Absorbansi kontrol = 0,7212 Absorbansi sampel 5 mgmL = 0,5850 Perhitungan nilai inhibisi untuk konsentrasi 5 mgmL pada menit ke 30 adalah: Inhibisi = A. Kontrol - A. Sampel A. Kontrol x 100 0,7212 - 0,5850 0,7212 x 100 = 18,89 Inhibisi 5 mgmL = Dengan cara yang sama dilakukan untuk menghitung inhibisi pada konsentrasi 1 mgmL; 2 mgmL; 3 mgmL; 4 mgmL; 5 mgmL; 6 mgmL; 8 mgmL dan 16 mgmL. Nilai IC 50, diperoleh dari persamaan garis regresi secara umum Y = ax + b, dengan metode Least Sguare nilai a slope dapat dihitung dengan persamaan dibawah ini: X Konsentrasi Y Inhibisi rata- rata XY X 2 1 8,82 8,82 2 2 8,82 17,64 4 3 14,06 42,18 9 4 14,06 56,24 16 5 18,89 94,45 25 6 21,16 126,96 36 8 25,46 203,68 64 16 35,04 560,64 256 Ʃ X = 45 Ʃ Y = 146,31 Ʃ XY = 1110,61 Ʃ X 2 = 411 Universitas Sumatera Utara 140 Ʃ XY – Ʃ X ƩYn Dimana : a slope = Ʃ X 2 – Ʃ X 2 n = 1110,61 - 45 x 146,319 411 - 45 x 459 = 2,038 b = ∑ − ∑ 6 b = 146,31 − 2,038 45 6 b = 6,067 Konsentrasi bahan uji yang diperlukan untuk menangkap 50 radikal DPPH• selama 30 menit atau IC 50 adalah: Y = a X + b 50 = 2,038 X + 6,067 X = 50 –6,067 2,038 = 21, 56 Jadi konsentrasi MADK yang dibutuhkan adalah 21,56 mgmL atau IC 50 = 21,56 mgmL. Universitas Sumatera Utara 141 Lampiran 11. Gambar Uji Sifat Antimikroba MADK Universitas Sumatera Utara 142 Lampiran 12. Gambar Edible Film Galaktomanan Kolang-kaling Universitas Sumatera Utara 143 Lampiran 13. Gambar DTA Edible Film GK 3 Universitas Sumatera Utara 144 Lampiran 14. Gambar DTA Edible Film GK 4 Universitas Sumatera Utara 145 Lampiran 15. Spektrum FT-IR Edible Film GK 3 Universitas Sumatera Utara 146 Lampiran 16. Spektrum FT-IR Edible Film GK 4 Universitas Sumatera Utara 147 Lampiran 17. Perhitungan Inhibisi Larutan Edible Film Galaktomanan Sampel di gunakan untuk GK 1 Diketahui: Absorbansi kontrol = 0,8539 Absorbansi sampel GK 1 = 0,6777 Perhitungan nilai inhibisi untuk GK 1 pada menit ke – 30 adalah: Inhibisi = A. Kontrol - A. Sampel A. Kontrol x 100 0,8539 - 0,6777 0,8539 x 100 = 20,63 Inhibisi GK 1 = Dengan cara yang sama dilakukan untuk menghitung inhibisi GK 2 , GK 3 , GK 4 dan GK 5 . Universitas Sumatera Utara 148 Lampiran 18. Perhitungan WVP Edible Film Galaktomanan a. Penentuan Slope Hasil pengukuran berat desicant terhadap perubahan waktu secara duplo. Tabel Hasil Pengukuran Perubahan Berat Edible Film GK 1 X Waktu Y Berat rata-rata XY X 2 2 0.05 0.1 4 4 0.11 0.44 16 6 0.17 1.02 36 8 0.21 1.68 64 10 0.27 2.7 100 12 0.32 3.84 144 Ʃ X = 42 Ʃ Y = 1.13 Ʃ XY = 9.78 Ʃ X 2 = 364 Tabel Hasil Pengukuran Perubahan Berat Edible Film GK 2 X Waktu Y Berat rata-rata XY X 2 2 0.05 0.1 4 4 0.08 0.32 16 6 0.13 1.78 36 8 0.16 1.28 64 10 0.2 2 100 12 0.22 2.64 144 Ʃ X = 42 Ʃ Y = 1.13 Ʃ XY = 7.12 Ʃ X 2 = 364 Tabel Hasil Pengukuran Perubahan Berat Edible Film GK 3 X Waktu Y Berat rata-rata XY X 2 2 0.05 0.1 4 4 0.11 0.44 16 6 0.33 1.98 36 8 0.21 1.68 64 10 0.27 2.7 100 12 0.32 3.84 144 Ʃ X = 42 Ʃ Y = 1.29 Ʃ XY = 10.74 Ʃ X 2 = 364 Universitas Sumatera Utara 149 Tabel Hasil Pengukuran Perubahan Berat Edible Film GK 4 X Waktu Y Berat rata-rata XY X 2 2 0.03 0.06 4 4 0.09 0.36 16 6 0.13 0.78 36 8 0.16 1.28 64 10 0.21 2.1 100 12 0.25 3 144 Ʃ X = 42 Ʃ Y = 0.87 Ʃ XY = 7.58 Ʃ X 2 = 364 Tabel Hasil Pengukuran Perubahan Berat Edible Film GK 5 X Waktu Y Berat rata-rata XY X 2 2 0,05 0,1 4 4 0,06 0,24 16 6 0,1 0,6 36 8 0,15 1,2 64 10 0,19 1,9 100 12 0,26 3,12 144 Ʃ X = 42 Ʃ Y = 0,81 Ʃ XY = 7,16 Ʃ X 2 = 364 Persamaan Garis Regresi secara umum Y = ax + b, dengan metode Least Sguare nilai a diperoleh dengan persamaan: Ʃ XY – Ʃ X ƩYn Dimana : a slope = Ʃ X 2 – Ʃ X 2 n 7,16 - 42 0,817 Slope GK 5 = 364 - 42 2 7 2,3 = 112 = 0,0205 g s -1 Dengan cara yang sama pada GK 5 , dihitung slope untuk GK 1 , GK 2 , GK 3 , dan GK 4 . Universitas Sumatera Utara 150 Tabel Hasil Uji Ketebelan Film dan Perhitungan Slope Edible Film Parameter GK 1 GK 2 GK 3 GK 4 GK 5 Ketebalan Film mm 0,038 0,039 0,060 0,061 0,050 Slope g s -1 0,0268 0,0186 0,0268 0,0211 0,0205 Perhitungan permeabilitas uap air water vapor permeability WVP WVTR = [∆W ∆t.A] kg. s -1 .m -2 Permeance = [∆W ∆t.A.∆P] kg. s -1 . m -2 . Pa -1 Permeability WVP = [∆W.X ∆t.A.∆P] kg. s -1 . m -1 . Pa -1 = [slope. X A.∆P] kg. s -1 .m -1 .Pa -1 Dimana: ∆W∆t = jumlah transfer air per unit waktu slope kg s -1 X = ketebalan film m A = luas daerah yang terbuka terhadap transfer air pada film m 2 ∆P = Perbedaan tekanan uap air antara kedua sisi film Pa Pada penelitian diameter d luas daerah yang terbuka terhadap transfer uap air pada film = 1,3 cm Jadi jari-jari r = ½ x d = ½ x 1,3 cm = 0,65 cm A = πr 2 = 3,14 x 0,0065 m 2 = 1,327 x 10 -4 m 2 Tekanan uap air pada kelembaban 0 pada suhu 20℃ = 0 Pa Tekanan uap air pada kelembaban 100 pada suhu 20℃ = 2337 Pa Maka tekanan uap air pada suhu yang berbeda dapat dicari dengan persamaan P 1 T 1 = P 2 T 2 Hukum Gas Ideal Suhu didalam desikator pada saat pengukuran adalah 29,5℃, jadi rumusnya P 1 T 2 = P 2 T 1 P 2 = 2337 Pa x 29,5℃20℃ = 3447,075 Pa Universitas Sumatera Utara 151 WVTR 1 = Slope A = 2,68 x 10 -5 kg s -1 1,327 x 10 -4 m 2 = 0,20 kg. s -1 .m -2 ∆P = P 2 –P 1 = 3447,075 Pa – 2337 Pa = 1110,075 Pa WVP GK 1 = [2,68 x 10 -5 x 3,8 x 10 -5 kg s -1 m 1,327 x 10 -4 m 2 x 1110,075 Pa = 10,184 x 10 -10 1473,070 x 10 -4 kg. s -1 .m -1 .Pa -1 = 6,91 x10 -9 kg. s -1 .m -1 .Pa -1 Dengan cara yang sama pada GK 1 dilakukan untuk menghitung WVP pada GK 2, GK 3 , GK 4 , dan GK 5 . Tabel Hasil Pengujian WVP Edible Film Parameter GK 1 GK 2 GK 3 GK 4 GK 5 WVTR 0,20 0,14 0,20 0,16 0,15 WVP kg. s -1 .m -1 .Pa -1 x 10 -9 6,91 4,92 10,90 8,74 6,96 Universitas Sumatera Utara 152 Lampiran 19. Perhitungan Uji Kekuatan Tarik σσσσ T Dan Kemuluran εεεε GK 3 dan GK 4 . Tabel hasil Pengukuran Kekuatan Tarik dan Kemuluran Parameter GK 3 GK 4 a b a b Load Kgf 0,38 0,32 0,22 0,02 Stroke mm 62,59 67,48 61,42 34,32 Tebal GK 3 = 0,06 mm Tebal GK 4 = 0,061 mm Lebar = 6 mm Panjang awal lo = 11,7 cm Jadi A 3 = 0,06 mm x 6 mm = 0,36 mm 2 A 4 = 0,061 mm x 6 mm = 0,366 mm 2 Harga kemuluran bahan dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus di bawah ini : Kemuluran ε = 100 x lo lo l − dimana : l – lo = Harga stroke ; lo = panjang awal = 62,59 mm 117 mm = 53, 50 Kemuluran GK 3 a Dengan cara yang sama dilakukan untuk menghitung kemuluran GK 3 b dan GK 4 a, b. Kemudian dihitung rata-ratanya. Universitas Sumatera Utara 153 Kekuatan tarik kgfmm 2 = 2 mm A kgf tarik beban nilai dimana : A = luas permukaan yang mendapat beban . Dengan cara yang sama dilakukan untuk menghitung kekuatan tarik GK 3 b dan GK 4 a, b. Kemudian dihitung rata-ratanya. Lampiran 20. Gambar Uji Kekuatan Tarik dan Kemuluran GK 3 dan GK 4 GK4 GK3 Kekuatan tarik GK 3 a = 0,38 Kgf 0,36 mm 2 = 1,056 Kgfmm 2 = 10, 56 Mpa Universitas Sumatera Utara 154 Lampiran 21. Tabel Perlakuan Pengukuran Laju Respirasi O 2 dan CO 2 Universitas Sumatera Utara 155 Lampiran 22. Gambar Alat Cosmotektor O 2 dan CO 2 untuk Pengkuran Laju Respirasi . Universitas Sumatera Utara 156 Lampiran 23. Gambar Total BakteriPadaIkan Nila Kontrol Ikan Nila Tanpa Edible Film Ikan Nila yang Dilapisi dengan Film GK4 Hari 0 Hari 1 Hari 3 Universitas Sumatera Utara 157 Hari 5 Hari 10 Universitas Sumatera Utara 158 Lampiran 24. Gambar Biodegradasi Edible Film GK 4 Hari 0 Hari 3 Hari 6 Hari 9 Hari 12 Hari 15 Hari 18 Hari 21 Universitas Sumatera Utara 159 Lampiran 25. Hasil Identifikasi Kemangi Universitas Sumatera Utara 160 Lampiran 26. Kromatogram GC Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi. Universitas Sumatera Utara 161

a. Fragmentasi Senyawa 2-Norbornanon