Data Collection Techniques RESEARCH METHOD

G. The Research Procedure

According to Kemmis and McTaggart 1988 in Burns 2010, there are some steps in conducting the research. They are: 1. Determining the thematic concern on the reconnaissance The first step in conducting this research is determining the thematic concern. The researcher observed the teaching and learning process in class VIII. Then, the researcher discussed with the English teacher about the existing problems. 2. Planning To improve the students’ speaking skills, the researcher worked together with another researcher, and the English teacher. The aim of the action is to improve the students’ speaking skills using audio-visual aids to support the communicative teaching. The action plans were planned as follows: a. using audio-visual aids in teaching speaking, b. reviewing the materials and media, c. testing the students’ speaking skills. 3. Action and Observation Some action plans were implemented in the classroom in some cycles, depend on the research study itself. Each cycle was done in about three meetings. Besides implementing some action plans, the researcher and the collaborator observed and recorded the teaching and learning process, and did the interview with some students of grade VIII C after the action had been done. All the members involved in the research discussion based on the actions analysis. The result of the discussion was important to serve as an evaluation for the implementation of the action plans to improve the next actions. 4. Reflection Reflecting was the phase after acting and observing. This was the time to reflect or review everything that has been done in implementing the action. It evaluated the process, problems, effects, and measured whether the action was successful or not. In addition, the entire member involved in the research participated in the discussion. Each member was invited to contribute their perceptions, suggestions, and ideas. The unsuccessful actions were changed into ones that were more suitable but those, which were successful, would be applied again in the next actions.

H. Validity and Reliability

According to Burns 1999:161-162, to assess the validity of the data, the researcher employed five criteria namely democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity and dialogic validity. The ways to fulfill those validities will be explained as follows: 1. Democratic validity Democratic validity related to stakeholders’ chance to give their personal opinions, ideas, and comments about the implication of the action research. The democratic validity was fulfilled by having discussion with members of the research, namely the students, the English teachers, and the collaborator. They were given opportunity to give their ideas, comments, and suggestions toward the research. The discussion result then will be a consideration in evaluating cycles. 2. Outcome validity Outcome validity of action research lead to outcomes achieved within the research context. Outcome validity also depends on the process of conducting the research. To fulfill this validity, some indicators that show the improvement of the students’ speaking ability will be formulated together. Here are some of sample of indicators: a. the students are able to pronounce the words correctly b. the students are able to speak and utter the sentence fluently. c. Etc. 3. Process validity Process validity relates to the criterion to make the actions done in action research valid. This validity was fulfilled by reflecting on the data collection and modifying the strategies to answer the questions occurred during process. The data were examined and identified whether the participants are able to go on learning. 4. Catalytic validity Catalytic validity refers to how stakeholders respond to their own internal changes. To establish this validity, the result of each cycle will be delivered to the member and ask their comments or responses. Later on, the responses will be considered to modify the process. 5. Dialogic validity Dialogic validity means that each stakeholder can participate in the process of the research. This validity was fulfilled by discussing the research findings with