liii the names of the parents are Haryo Wiranata father and Diana Rosalina mother,
while their children’s name is Kiki Amalia.
5. Strategies in Translating Address Forms
Translating a text from one language into another is not an easy task since it is strongly related to both culture SL and TL. Here, the different culture between
English and Indonesian in using address forms sometimes makes a subtitler face a serious problem. On the one hand, a subtitler needs to conform to the rules of the TL
understanding since the TL viewers will now read the subtitle; while on the other hand, the subtitler tries to be faithful to the original text.
Moreover, a film instantly deals with cultural aspect of the SL since the viewers enjoy both the pictures and the sounds simultaneously. It means that the
subtitler has a responsibility to transfer both meaning and custom of the SL. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, the choice of words especially for address terms was tied up
with the social status and power. There are different usages of address forms of Indonesian since hierarchies still exist in the socio-culture.
Related to this case, a subtitler needs to find the most appropriate technique without losing the cultural aspects of the SL. There are some strategies in translating
address forms in Indonesia,
1. Transference
liv Transference or can be called emprunt, loan word or transcription is the process
of transferring a SL word to a TL text as the procedure of translation Newmark, 1988: 81. Meanwhile Catford 1995: 43 states, “it is possible to carry out on operation in
which the TL text, or rather, parts of the TL text, do have values set up in the SL; in other words, have SL meanings. We call this process, transference”
The aims of using transference strategy are to present the local color atmosphere of the SL to the TL and give respect for the SL country’s culture. As stated
by Newmark 1988: 82, “in regional novels and essays, cultural word are often transferred to give local color, to attract the reader, to give a sense of intimacy between
the text and the reader-sometimes the sounds or the evoked image appears attractive.” Nevertheless, transference is found not only in literally text but also audio visual field
such as subtitling. Here is the example of the transference strategy,
SL: Signor, Bishop Pucci wishes to see you TL: Signor, Uskup Pucci ingin bertemu.
The example above is taken from one of the dialogues in a film and its subtitle. It can be seen that the subtitler still maintains the address forms such as ‘Signor’ in the
subtitling in order to make the viewers feel the Italian culture as the setting of the film.
2. Substitution According to Larson 1984: 72, “a substitute word refers to something already
introduced to the context.” It means that a substitute word refers to the same thing. Further, Larson also states that it is very important for a translator to know how
lv substitute words are used in the TL in order to translate the words naturally. A
translator will not purely translate a pronoun with a pronoun and a pro-verb with a pro- verb. Heshe should consider carefully the use of pronouns or proverbs in the TL. Here
is the example of substitution strategy,
SL: Prince, we were just talking about you. What brings you here? TL: Pangeran, kami baru saja membicarakan Tuan. Kenapa Tuan kemari?
From the example above, it can be seen that the subtitler is not translating the pronouns with pronouns. Usually, the pronoun ‘you’ is translated into ‘anda’ for
formal situation or ‘kau’ for familiar situation. However, here, the translator substitutes the meaning of pronoun ‘you’ with title ‘Tuan’ in order to show polite form which is
basically referring to the same meaning. 3. Deletion
According to Newmark, “a term of little importance in the TL culture may be deleted in translation, provided it is marginal to the text and some indication of
function given where required.” Nevertheless, this strategy may influence the formality of the utterances and diminishes the strategy build by the speaker. Here is the example
of deletion strategy,
SL: Actually, Your Reverence, I believe it’s because hot air rises, Conteracting the
gravitational forces of…witchcraft. TL: Sebenarnya, itu karena tekanan udara panas terhadap gravitasi…ilmu sihir.
In the example above, the speaker addresses the interlocutor who has a higher position than him with profession title ‘Your Reverence’ to show great respect.
Unfortunately, the subtitler fails to reveal it in the translation since he did not include it
lvi in the subtitling. The omission of address forms not only changes the formality but
also reduce the strategy of the speaker to establish sense of respect. 4. Similar Meaning
Similar meaning here refers to propositional meaning. As stated by Cruse in Baker 1992: 13, “The propositional meaning of a word or an utterance arises from the
relation between it and what it refers to or describes in a real or imaginary world, as conceived by the speakers of the particular language to which the word or utterance
belong. It is this type of meaning which provides the basis on which we can judge an utterance as true or false”. Here is the example of similar meaning strategy,
SL: Take care of me, My dear friend. TL: Jaga diriku, Sahabatku.
The example above is found in one part of the film. As seen, My dear friend which refers to Lupo, a servant uttered by Casanova, a master is translated into
sahabatku. Here the subtitler translates that form of endearment into its similar
meaning in Indonesian.
I. Synopsis of the Film
Casanova is the combination between romantic and comedy film. It was published in 2005 by Touchstone Pictures. The setting of the film took a place in 1753
A. D 18
th
century in Venice, a time when the city was a bizarre mixture of extremes. On the one hand, this is the place with such things as the licentious of Carnivale
lvii existed. On the other hand, this is also the place in which the stricter rules of Vatican
church existed. As the same with the title, the main character of this film is Giacomo
Casanova. Casanova is notorious for his success as a playboy. The film opens with such a stumble when he is discovered taking advantage of young novice in a nunnery.
It makes one of the leading prosecutors of the Inquisition; Cardinal Pucci puts him on trial. Luckily, The Doge, Venice’s political point manthe ruler of the city who still his
friend comes to rescue him and allows him to stay in the city, but under one condition, he must soon marry or be exiled from the city.
Together with his manservant, Lupo Salvato, Casanova search for a wife. Then, he sets his sights on Victoria Donato, a famous virgin and the daughter of a wealthy
Venetian. Afterward, Casanova arranges a married with her father. Meanwhile, Victoria has long been worshiped from a far by Giovanni Bruni, a man who lives just
across the canal. Bruni’s sister, Francesca, tries to push him to confess his love to Victoria. Seeing Casanova proposes Victoria, Giovanni challenges Casanova to a duel
over Victoria’s affections. However, in the duel, Giovanni asks his sister, Francesca, to fight with Casanova since his sister is more of a man than him. In his fight with
Francesca, Casanova uses her servant’s name, Salvato. In classic case of bad timing, Casanova is in love with Francesca, who actually
writes illegal feminist books under the name of man, Bernardo Guardi. At the same time, Francesca is also in love with Casanova but she is betrothed to Papprizzio, a
corpulent rich man from Genoa, a man she’s never seen before. When Papprizzio arrives in Venice, Casanova lies to him that the hotel he booked is closed and lets him
lviii stay at his house. Casanova also lies that he is the author of the feminist books.
Preparing to visit Francesca, Papprizzio stays at Casanova’s house. Then, Casanova uses this opportunity to visit Francesca and pretend to her to be Papprizzio.
Later, he confesses to her who he really is, which makes Francesca angry since she hates the character of Casanova very much. Then, Casanova is arrested by
Cardinal Pucci for crimes against sexual morality such as debauchery and heresy with a novice. He saves Francesca by pretending to be the author of the feminist books,
which impresses her very much. Unfortunately, the truth comes out and both are sentenced to death. Just in
time, when they are about to be hung in the city square, they are saved by a fake announcement that the Pope, because of his birthday, gives amnesty to all prisoners
who were to be executed on that day. Finally, it was discovered that it was his mother’s plan with her future husband who pretends as the Pope and nurse to rescue
Casanova and Francesca. His mother came back for him like she promised as a child. As they escape together, leaving on Papprizzio’s boat, Giovanni Bruni stays
behind to continue Casanova’s womanizing legend in Venice and at the same time married with Victoria. While Lupo Salvato, the man servant of Casanova becomes the
servant of Giovanni since the Casanova of Venice now is Giovanni. Papprizzio plans to marry with Francesca’s mother since both were falling in love at the first sight in the
Carnivale. At the end of the story, Casanova and Francesca lives together happily in a place far away from Venice.
K. Reviews of Related Study
