l 4.Names
In English, there are three main kinds of name; they are first name, last name and Title plus last name. First name is one of the informal addresses in the communication.
This form is used to show intimacy and a close relationship between the participants, to tease the addressee, to show solidarity relationship or minimize the distance of the
participants, to tease the addressee, to show power both positive or negative affective message toward the addressee and etc. it depends on the situational factors in use.
Meanwhile, as states by Brown and Ford in Hymes, 1964, last name also represents a degree of intimacy that is greater than TLN but less than FN. This type of
address form is used to show solidarity, respect or even anger of the speaker to the addressee. Title plus last name is used to show the respect of the addresser to the
addressee. 5. Endearment and Other Expression
As stated by Trudgill 1992 Endearment and other expressions are usually used when people become very close. It is the most informal addresses in the
communication. Endearments are used by the addresser to express an affectionate feeling and intimacy, while other expressions are used by the addresser to express
mock or humiliate the addressee etc. depending on the situation.
4. Type of Indonesian Address Forms
According to Suwito 1991: 3-4, the use of address forms is determined not only by linguistic factors, but also by non-linguistic factors such as social factor,
status, education, age, sex and other. Another factor is situational factor. It consists of
li the position of the participants and the situation whether it is formal or non-
formalinformalfamiliar According to Simatupang 2000, Indonesian address forms are classified into
pronominal systems and kinship system, while Kridalaksana 1982 divides Indonesian address forms into nine types. There are the personal pronouns kamu, engkau, anda,
kita and others, proper name the name of the second person, kin-term bapak, ibu, adik, kakak etc, title dokter, suster etc., the term of pe + Verb pendengar, penonton,
penulis etc., Noun + ku sayangku, Tuhanku, etc., deictic sini, situ, noun Tuan, Nyonya, Nona and others and zero.
The Indonesian pronoun system can be pictured as follow, Table 2.3 Indonesian Pronoun System
Singular Plural
Familiar Formal
Familiar Formal
1
st
person Aku
Saya Kami exclusive, kita
inclusive 2
nd
person Kaukamu
anda kalian
3
rd
person dia
beliau mereka
Beliau-beliau Adopted from Simatupang, 2000: 77
As can be seen in the table above, the English second person you can be translated variously into Indonesian second person. The participants addresser and
addressee may choose the form kaukamu if they are equal in status, age and other sociolinguistic factors. Here, this form has a Tu dimension familial. If the addresser
is younger than the addressee, heshe may choose Anda for the polite form of address. However, in practice, the word Anda can be substituted by TuanBapak or
PakSaudara for man, NyonyaIbu or BuSaudari for woman, Nona for unmarried woman etc. Those substitution forms have a V dimension polite, formal and distant.
lii Meanwhile, the form of kalian is used if the addressee is more than one person. It is
the plural form of you. From the gender aspect, this form is neutral. Meanwhile, the kinship system of Indonesian can be seen from the table below,
Table 2.4 Indonesian kinship System Lineal
Colineal Ablineal
masculine feminine masculine feminine masculine feminine 2
nd
gender previous
Kakek Nenek
Previous gender
Bapak ayah
Ibu Paman
Bibi Same
gender Ego
Abang Kakak
atau adik Kakak
atau adik
Sepupu Sepupu
Next gender
Anak Kemenakan
2
nd
gender following
Cucu Cucu
Third gender
following Buyut
Fourth gender
following Canggah
Adopted from Simatupang, 2000: 81 Kinship terms are used either between persons who are related to one another,
or between persons who assume such relationship although they are not related to one another as kith and kin. For example, Indonesian often uses the term BapakPak for
addressing man and Ibu for addressing woman. These terms are used to show respect and as a polite form in Indonesian culture.
Proper name is used since Indonesian is not familiar with First Name and Last Name. Here, the last name is not always the family name or parent’s name. The last
name of the parents maybe different with the last name of their children. For example,
liii the names of the parents are Haryo Wiranata father and Diana Rosalina mother,
while their children’s name is Kiki Amalia.
5. Strategies in Translating Address Forms
