xxx Newmark 1988: 46 states, “Communicative translation attempts to render the
exact contextual meaning of the original in such way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership”. Communicative
translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as closely as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original Newmark, 1981:39. He also states,
The most important problem is the intuitive nature of communicative translation- fact that its success canbe measured only by investigating the
reaction of the readers to whom it is addressed. 1981: 63
For example:
· Could you open the window?
Dapatkah anda membukakan pintu itu? ·
Can you open the window? Bisa Anda bukakan pintu itu?
· Open the window, please
Tolong buka pintunya ·
Open the window, will you? Buka pintunya, ya?
For native English speaker these sentences have a different effect. For instance,
the word could is more formal than can Hornby, 2005. Could is used to politely ask someone to do something, while can is used to ask someone to help in informal
situation. These effects are also can be seen in the translated version.
D. Process of Translation
The process of translation consists of three main steps which should be done by a translator in order to produce a good translation. As stated by Nida and Taber 1974:
33, those three basic steps are;
xxxi
Source language
text
Psychological Process
Transfer
Equivalent 2
Target language
text
Content Meaning,
Message Content
Meaning, Message
1. Analysis. Here, the text is analyzed in terms of grammatical relationship and
meaning of words and combination of words. 2.
Transfer. Here, the analysis material is transferred in the translator’s mind from the language A to language B.
3. Restructuring. In this step, the transferred material is restructured in order to
make the final message is acceptable in the TL. Meanwhile, According to Nababan 2003: 24-25, translation process can be
defined as series of activity done by a translator during transferring message from source text to target text. He also divides the process into three steps; text analysis
SL, transfer and restructuring. These three stages can be pictured as follows: Diagram 2
Process of Translation Analysis
Restructuring
Understanding Evaluation and Revision 1
3 Quoted from Suryawininata in Nababan, 2003: 25.
In conclusion, translation process can be described as a cognitive process, which means a process that happens inside a translator’s mind. We do not know what is
actually thought by the translator while heshe is translating a source text into target text. We can only see the translation result done by the translator.
xxxii
E. Principles of Translation
In translation activity, a translator must attempt to transfer mainly the message of SL into TL. Nida and Taber 1974: 14 states, “Translating must aim primarily at
producing message”. They continue, “but to reproduce the message one must make a good may grammatical and lexical adjustment” 1974: 14. Then it should be
considered that there are some conditions for a translator in reproducing the message. Nida and Taber 1974: 14 also state, “The best translation does not sound like
a translation”. It means that the translated text should sound natural for the target readers. Here, understanding the target reader’s characteristic and background will
help the translator in determining the way of the method and technique in translating process. Newmark says, “The translator should produce a different type of translation
of the same text for a different type of audience.” Meanwhile, according to Kridalaksana 1985, there are four factors to be
fulfilled by a translator in running the transferring message. First, the translator should be mastering the SL. It is required since the translator has to find the meaning of the
text. Second, the translator should be mastering the TL so that he can transfer the message correctly. Third, the translator should comprehend the materials so that he can
master the text perfectly. Then, the translator should be mastering the method and technique of the translation so that he can transfer the whole text in a suitable way.
Moreover, much experience in translating activity can be a good additional point in producing a good translation.
In short, a translator has a responsibility in transferring the message of SL into TL appropriately and naturally and considering the target readers.
xxxiii
F. Problems of Translation
