The Strategies in Translating Endearments and Other Expressions

cviii Table 4.19 The Situational Aspect of Translation Variations in The Form Of Italian Titles No SL TL The Relation of Participants Ends 1. FN FN Intimate, higher to lower, Familial: Mother to sondaughter, Officer to a prisoner Master to servant Showing the intimacy, Showing anger Showing power θ Intimate, higher to lower Showing the intimacy 2. LN LN Equal Higher to lower status Showing intimacy Showing power and anger 3. CN CN Distant,Lower to higher status Showing respect 4. ETLN ITLN Distant, lower to higher Showing respect n formality Italian TLN Italian TLN Distant, lower to higher Showing respect n formality θ Distant, higher to lower Speaking directly 5. ENT INT Distant, lower to higher Showing respect and admiration

E. The Strategies in Translating Endearments and Other Expressions

In this classification, there are 23 data of endearments and other expressions. 15 data are belonging to endearments form and 8 data are belonging to other expressions form. They are translated variously by using similar meaning strategy into Indonesian, substitution, deletion and transference. There are many forrms of this kind form of address, however I only found darling, my darling, my dear man, my dear, my baby, my dear friend, the love of my life, gentlemen, Venesians and maestro in the movie. The number of the data can be seen in the table below, cix E 1. Endearments As stated in chapter II, Endearments expressions are used to express an affectionate feeling and intimacy between the addresser and addressee. As seen below the classification of endearments and the translation strategies, Table 4.20 The Classification of Endearments And The Translation Strategies SL TL Data Data number Percent- ages English Endearments Indonesian Endearments 102,123161,215, 228,313,316,317,319, 320, 321, 328 12 80 Kinship Terms 180,287 2 13.33 θ 288 1 6,67 Total 15 100 Below is the example of endearment form of address, E 1a. English Endearments Translated into Indonesian Endearments Translating English endearments into Indonesian endearments means that the subtitler applies similar meaning strategy. the example is presented below, Example: SL: Tito, The love of my life, this is my son TL: Tito, Cintaku, ini putraku. 313CsvD244:37 The above example is found in one part of the movie in which Casanova’s mother introduces Casanova, her son to her future husband Tito. As seen, the love of my life which refers to Tito uttered by Casanova’s mother is translated into cintaku. It cx can be seen that the endearments and expression is translated into similar sense. The endearment used by Casanova’s mother shows the close relationship between her and Tito, her lover. It also aims to show her love and affection. E 1b. Endearments Translated into Indonesian Kinship Terms In this section, the subtitler translates the endearments Indonesian Kinship terms. It shows that the subtitler applies substitution strategy in the subtitling. It is very important for a subtitler to know how subtitute words are used in the TL in order to translate the terms naturally. Below is the example, Example: SL: How can I help you, My dear? TL: Apa yang bisa kubantu, Anakku? 287CsvD234:27 The above example is found in one part of the movie in which Bishop Pucci welcomed and offered a help to Victoria who felt hurt with Casanova. As seen, My dear which refers to Victoria uttered by Bishop Pucci is translated into Anakku. It can be seen that the endearment expression is translated into kinship term. Here, the subtitler applies substitution strategy by translating the term My dear into Anakku. In general, the term My dear is translated into Sayangku to show affection and love. However, based on the context of situation, the participants are between a bishop and his parish named Victoria. Therefore, the term Anakku is the most appropriate translation to make it more natural in the TL. E 1c. Endearments not Translated cxi Here the subtiler is using deletion strategy since heshe omitted the translation of endearment expression. Below is the example of this strategy, Example: SL: Are you saying, My dear, that you would be willing to give me the testimony that I need to hang him? TL: Maksudmu kau bersedia menjadi saksi untuk menggantungnya? 288CsvD235:25 The above example is found in one part of the movie in which Bishop Pucci asked Victoria wheter she wanted to be a witness in the court to arrest Casanova. As seen, My dear which refers to Victoria uttered by Bishop Pucci is not translated into the TL. It reduces the politeness of the speaker. However, based on the context of situation, it can be tolerant since the position of Bishop Pucci is higher than Victoria. E.2 Other Expression Other Expressions are used to express admiration, mock, anger or even humilliate between the addresser and the addressee depending on the situation. Below are some data classified in this form and the translation strategies, Table 4.21 The Classification of Other Expressions And The Translation Strategies SL TL Data Data number Percent- ages Other Expressions Indonesian Expressions 015,013,245,308 4 50 θ 067,176 2 25 Italian Expression 192,194 2 25 cxii SL TL Data Data number Percent- ages Total 8 100 The discussion of the other expression data are presented below, E 2a. Other Expressions Translated into Indonesian Expressions In this section, the subtitler translates the other expression into Indonesian expression. It means that the subtitler applies similar meaning strategy. the example is presented below, Example: SL: Too late, Gentlemen TL: Terlambat, Saudara2. The above example is found in one part of the movie in which Francesca Bruni shows to all audience that she is a woman. At that period women are not allowed to talk or share their idea moreover in a forum. As seen, gentlemen which refers to all audience in the forum uttered by Francesca is translated into Saudara2. Here, the subtitler uses similar meaning strategy by finding the equivalent word in Indonesia which suitable with the context of situation. E 2b. Other Expression Not Translated deleted cxiii In this classification, 3 data are decided to be ommited by the subtitler in the translation of endearments and other expression in TL. It means that the subtitler uses deletion strategy. Below is the example of this strategy, Example: SL: Your Attenttion, please. Gentlemen. TL: Mohon Perhatiannya . 067CsvD121:30 The above example is found in one part of the movie in which Vittorio, a man servant of Bruni’s family asked the attention of all the people present in the duel between Casanova and Giovanni to hear about the rules of the duel. As seen, gentlemen which refers to Casanova, Giovanni and Lupo salvato uttered by Giovanni’s man servant is not translated into the TL. Here, the speaker is a servant who talked to his master and another respected man; automatically this strategy reduced the formality which is built by the speaker. Therefore the translation should be Mohon perhatiannya, Tuan-Tua n. E 2c. English Endearments and Other Expression Translated unchanged in the TL transference In this section, Other expression are translated unchanged or using transference strategy into the target language. Here are some examples, Example: SL: Is that you, Maestro? TL: Kaukah itu, Maestro? 194CsvD209:21 cxiv The above example is found in one part of the movie in which Lord Papprizzio asks for a help to Casanova who at that time pretends as Bernardo Guardi to slim his body. Then, Casanova gave Papprizzio an ingredient and left him with his servant. When he came back, Lord Papprizzio called him to make sure that the ingredients were working. As seen, Maestro which refers to Casanova uttered by Lord Papprizzio is translated into the same way Maestro. The subtitler applies transference strategy since heshe still uses the term Maestro in the TL. Maestro in Italian means master or teacher, a person who has enough knowledge within a field. It is a highly respectful term. Here, the participants are between Casanova who pretends as Bernardo Guardi and Lord Papprizzio. Even though Lord Papprizzio has a higher position than Casanova but he addresses Casanova with the term Maestro since he considers Casanova as Bernardo Guardi, a famous author of feminist book who knows all about woman’s feeling and can solve his problem about his appearance. Besides, Lord Papprizzio also asks for a help to Casanova to slim his body. Table 4.22 The Situational Aspect of Translation Variations in The Form Of Endearments and Other Expression SL TL The Relation of Participants Ends Endearment and Other Expression Darling Sayang Intimate Familial: mother to daughter Showing love and affection My darling Sayang Intimate, couple Showing love and affection My dear man Tuan Distant, higher to lower Showing power, cxv SL TL The Relation of Participants Ends My dear Anakku Distant, a bishop to his parish Showing affection θ Distant, higher to lower status Speaking directly My baby Sayang Intimate, familial: father to daughter Showing affection My dear friend Sahabatku Intimate, Master to his best servant Showing affection, speaking as a friend The love of my life Cintaku Intimate, couple Showing love and affection Gentlemen Tuan- Tuan saudara2 Distant, lower to higher Showing formality θ Distant, lower to higher status Speaking directly Venesians Warga Venesia Distant, higher to lower Appreciating, Maestro Maestro Distant, lower to higher Giving an honor and respect Stupid Bodoh Distant, higher to lower Showing anger and arrogance From all the analysis above, the strategies applies by the subtitler in translating address forms and its distribution can be clearly seen in the table below, Table 4.23 The Strategies in Translating Address Forms And it’s Distribution cxvi Translation Strategies Address Forms Total 2 nd Person Pronouns Kinship Terms Titles Names Endearment Expressions Transference 2 8 82 2 94 24.74 Substitution 11 2 13 3.42 Deletion 8 1 5 3 17 4.47 Similar Meaning 181 6 48 6 15 256 67.37 Total 380 100 3.The Analysis of Effect of the Strategies Toward the Quality of the Translation in Terms of Accuracy and Acceptability This analysis shows the reader about the way of the target audience see the accuracy and accepts the translation variations based on the strategies applied by the subtitler and dealing with the context of situation and the relationship between speakers. Here, I involved three qualified raters as the representation of the target audience. They assess the accuracy and the acceptability of the address forms translation by using open-close questionnaires. In this research, the three raters which are signed as R1, R2 and R3 can rate the level of the data by giving score in a range 1 to 3 for the accuracy and the acceptability. Besides, they can give their comments and reasons dealing with their assessment. Here, I provided the explanation of each level from 1 to 3 for the accuracy and the acceptability. The scale of the questionnaire and its definition can be seen as follows: a. Accuracy Scale cxvii Table 4.23 The Scale of Accuracy Based on The Reliable Data Skor Keakuratan Keterangan 1 Akurat Apabila makna kata sapaan dalam kalimat dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa sasaran diterjemahkan dengan tepat dan dapat dimengerti sepenuhnya tanpa perlu ada perbaikanpenulisan ulang. Selain makna, tepat disini juga mengacu pada benar dan tidaknya kata sapaan itu diperuntukkan. 2 Kurang Akurat Apabila makna kata sapaan dalam kalimat dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa sasaran diterjemahkan dengan kurang tepat sehinggga perlu penulisan ulang. Diantaranya karena pemilihan kata yang kurang tepat. 3 Tidak Akurat Apabila makna kata sapaan dalam kalimat dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa sasaran tidak tepat sehinggga perlu penulisan ulang. Score Accuracy Explanation 1 Accurate If the meaning of the address form in the sentence from the source language to the target language is translated exactly and can be fully understood without any rewriting. Beside the meaning, exactly here also related to the correctness of the address form is for. 2 Less accurate If the meaning of the address form in the sentence from the source language to the target language is translated less exactly and needed to be rewrote since the choice of word is not correct. 3 Inaccurate If the meaning of the address form in the sentence from the source language to the target language is not translated accurately and needed to be rewrote. b. Acceptability Scale Table 4.24 The Scale of Acceptability Based on The Reliable Data Skor Keberterimaan Keterangan 1 Berterima Apabila terjemahan penggunaan kata sapaan dalam kalimat tersebut sudah wajar atau sudah memenuhi nilai rasa yang berlaku dalam budaya masyarakat Indonesia. Wajar atau tidaknya kata sapaan tersebut dapat diketahui dengan melihat konteks situasinya dan siapa pembicara dan lawan bicaranya. 2 Kurang Berterima Apabila terjemahan penggunaan kata sapaan dalam kalimat tersebut kurang wajar atau kurang memenuhi cxviii nilai rasa yang berlaku dalam budaya masyarakat Indonesia. Hal ini dapat diketahui dengan melihat konteks situasinya dan siapa pembicara dan lawan bicaranya. 3 Tidak Berterima Apabila terjemahan penggunaan kata sapaan tidak wajar atau tidak memenuhi nilai rasa yang berlaku dalam budaya masyarakat Indonesia sama sekali. Ini dapat diketahui dengan melihat konteks situasinya dan siapa pembicara dan lawan bicaranya. Score Acceptability Explanation 1 Acceptable If the use of the address form’s translation in the sentences is natural or have fulfilled the Indonesian society’s cultural value. The natural or not of the address form can be known by seeing the context of situation and addresser and addressee. 2 Less acceptable If the use of the address form’s translation in the sentence is less natural or has less fulfilled the Indonesian society’s cultural value. It can be known by seeing the context of situation and addresser and addressee. 3 Unacceptable If the use of the address form’s translation in the sentences is unnatural or has not fulfilled the Indonesian society’s cultural value. It can be known by seeing the context of situation and addresser and addressee.

A. Accuracy