Definition of Translation Translation Ideology

xxii BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter explains some theories related to this research. It explains definition of translation, types of translation, process of translation, principles of translation, problems in translation, quality assessment of translation and sociocultural aspects in translation. Then, I will explain about definition of film translation, problems in subtitling, and strategies for subtitling. This chapter will also discuss some theories related to this research covering the definition of address forms, rules of address, the dimensions related to the usage of address forms, type of English address forms, type of Indonesian address forms, and strategies for translating address forms. In the end of this chapter, I will give the synopsis of the film.

A. Definition of Translation

In general understanding, translation concerns with transferring information from source language to target or receptor language. Nida and Taber 1974: 14 give a brief definition of translation as follows: “Translation consists of reproducing the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”. It means that a translator must pay attention first to the message and then the style when transferring thoughts and messages. Here, meaning and style are important to be xxiii put together. If a translator emphasizes only on expressing the style, shehe will fail to transfer the message of the SL and vice versa. Related to the style, De Maar in Widyamartaya, 1989: 34 says, “Consider carefully in what spirit or mood the original is written If its style is familiar, be familiar in your translation; if elevated, give to your translation an elevated tone.” From the quotation above, style can influence the quality of translation. Here, the style of the translation should be loyal to the original style. Meanwhile, Bell 1991: 5 explains, “Translation is the expression in another language TL on what has been expressed in another SL, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalents”. It can be seen that translation is related to the reproduction of equal message, which should include semantic equivalence and stylistic equivalence. From all the statements above, it can be noted that the definition of translation are the same, that translation is a process of transferring the message from SL to TL properly. Here, the translators should also consider the equivalence and sociocultural aspects to reach a good and natural translation.

B. Translation Ideology

There are two main kinds of translation ideology; domestication and foreignization. a. Domestication Domestication or target language translation approach or dynamic-equivalence translation is the ideology of translation that involves “an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to the target-language cultural values” Venuti in Thangho, 2000. It xxiv means that this ideology allows the translator to adapt the source message to the receptor’s language values includes the linguistic and cultural values. The main characteristic of this ideology are fluency, naturalness, transparency and readability Venuti in Thangho, 2000. According to Nida 1964, the fluency and naturalness means that it allows the adaptation of the SL such as shifting word order, using verbs in place of nouns and substituting nouns for pronouns. That’s why this ideology is also called dynamic equivalence. Meanwhile, the naturalness also means gives the illusion that the text is not a translation but appears as if it were written in the TL. b. Foreignization Foreignization or source language translation approach or formal equivalence translation is the ideology of translation that puts “an ethno deviant pressure on TL culture values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the target readers abroad” Venuti in Thangho, 2000. By using this approach, the translator is expected to maintain the foreign identity of the source text or to preserve the linguistic and cultural differences of the source text. Nida 1964 says that this kind of translation is designed to permit the TL reader to understand the customs, manner of thought and means of expression which may need footnotes in order to make text fully comprehensible. This formal-equivalence translation is useful in situation where the important elements of the text would be lost if using the dynamic-equivalence translation. Foreignization can be applied by using transference strategyloan word, a strategy that presents the cultural values of the source language. xxv

C. Methods of Translation