xlvii should receive T by the solidarity semantic. The opposite conflict can be seen in the
lower right part. Similar to the Brown and Gilman theory, the usage of address forms in
Indonesia is related to the reciprocal and non reciprocal relationship. As stated by Kridalaksana 1982 that second person address forms consist of two dimensions; they
are reciprocal and non reciprocal relationship. Reciprocal relationship means the status of the participants is equal. This dimension has its own form of address. For example,
A and B are men who have the same job in their office as lecturers. A addresses B with Bapak
or Pak and vice versa. Meanwhile, nonreciprocal relationship means the participants have a different social status or positions. It makes the forms of address
are different. For example, a lecturer will address hisher students by using name, while the students should address hisher lecturer by using title such as Bapak or Ibu.
3. Type of English Address Forms
According to Brown and Ford in Hymes, 1964, address forms are divided into to forms; major and variant. The major form consists of term of first name FN such
as Jack etc. and title plus last name TLN such as Mr. or Mrs. Jefferson etc. Meanwhile, the variant form consists of term of title alone T such as Sir, Madam,
Mr, Mrs., Miss etc, last name LN such as Jones, Brown etc. and multiple names MN such as Buddy, Dear, Darling, Sweetheart, Honey etc.
Meanwhile, Spolsky 1998: 21 also states the same opinion that address forms in the society consist of four categories; Title alone, TLN, FN and MN.
Another expert says that there are two main kinds of address forms; names and second-person pronouns Fasold, 1990: 2. Trudgill 1992 states that address forms
xlviii may include pronoun ‘you’ identifying the person or persons addressed, title, names
and endearment and expression. Therefore, I will discuss about second-person pronouns, kinship terms, titles, names, endearments and other expressions.
1. Second-Person Pronoun
Table 2.1 English Pronoun System Singular
Plural 1
st
person I
We 2
nd
person You
3
rd
person masculine
Feminine Neuter
they he
she it
Adopted from Larson, 1984: 121 From the table above, it can be seen that English second-person pronoun system is
simpler than Indonesian second-person pronoun system. For instance, the form ‘you’, as the English second person address can be used for addressing anyone whether the
interlocutors are older or younger than the speaker. In English, there is no distinction between formalpolite form and familiar form of ‘you’ such as in most European
languages or in Indonesia. As stated by Larson 1984: 122, “…there is no component of meaning in English which distinguishes familiar from formal in the second person.”
2. Kinships Terms Table 2.2 English kinship System
Lineal Colineal
Ablineal Masculine
Feminine Masculine Feminine
Cousin Second
generation previous
Grandfather Grandmo
ther Uncle
Aunt Previous
generation Father
Mother Same
generation Ego
Brother Sister
Next Son
Daughter Nephew
Niece
xlix generation
Second generation
following Grand son
Grand daughter
Adopted from Larson, 1984: 82 As can be seen, in English kinship terms, there is no particular form to
distinguish the age, for example between the younger brothersister and older brothersister. Therefore, a translator has to consider carefully in translating kinship
terms of the SL into TL. Here, heshe needs to consider the socio linguistic factors of the TL in order to find the closest equivalent. As stated by Larson 1984: 83,
Each time a kinships term needs to be translated, the translator should consider carefully the referent in the non-linguistic word, and how that
person would be referred to, rather than simply translating literally the words that looks like the closest equivalent.
3.Titles Title is the most formal address form and it is closely related to the honorific
system particles. The use of title aims to show respect and politeness to the interlocutor. It indicates the least intimacy or distant relationship between the addresser
and addressee. M. Shibatani in Brown and Miller 1999: 192 says, The term ‘honorific’ refers to special linguistic forms that are used as
a signs of deference toward the nominal referents of the addressee. The system of honorific constitutes an integral components of the
politeness dimension of language use, but whereas every language appears to have ways in expressing politeness, only certain language
have well-developed honorific. It can be seen that every language has its own terms of honorific, in this case
the use of title, in expressing politeness. For example, Indonesian will use the term ‘Tuan’ for addressing man and ‘Nyonya.’ for addressing married woman and etc.
l 4.Names
In English, there are three main kinds of name; they are first name, last name and Title plus last name. First name is one of the informal addresses in the communication.
This form is used to show intimacy and a close relationship between the participants, to tease the addressee, to show solidarity relationship or minimize the distance of the
participants, to tease the addressee, to show power both positive or negative affective message toward the addressee and etc. it depends on the situational factors in use.
Meanwhile, as states by Brown and Ford in Hymes, 1964, last name also represents a degree of intimacy that is greater than TLN but less than FN. This type of
address form is used to show solidarity, respect or even anger of the speaker to the addressee. Title plus last name is used to show the respect of the addresser to the
addressee. 5. Endearment and Other Expression
As stated by Trudgill 1992 Endearment and other expressions are usually used when people become very close. It is the most informal addresses in the
communication. Endearments are used by the addresser to express an affectionate feeling and intimacy, while other expressions are used by the addresser to express
mock or humiliate the addressee etc. depending on the situation.
4. Type of Indonesian Address Forms
