includes some morpheme-morpheme equivalences. For example,
SL: I will be home at 9 pm. TL: Saya akan di rumah jam 9 malam.
c Literal Translation. It may start, as it were, from a word-for-
word translation, but make changes in conformity with target language grammar. For example,
SL: It is raining cats and dogs. TL:
Hujan kucing dan anjing
. Machali, 2009: 78
b. Translation Process
Nida and Taber 1982:33 present three steps in the translation process. It is started by analyzing, transferring, and restructuring. The
translation process based on them is described below and will be illustrated in Figure 1.
1 Analyzing, in which the surface structure i.e. the meaning as
given in source language is analyzed in terms of the grammatical relationship and the meaning of the word and combinations of the
words.
2 Transferring, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the
mind of translator from source language to receptor one. 3
Restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor
language.
Figure 1. Translation process by Nida and Taber 1982:34 c. Translation Procedures
Since translation is related to the textual process in transferring from one source text ST into another target text TT, a translator is
always possible to find difficulties in translating a segment of a ST into an equivalent structure in the TT. Thus, the translator needs
translation procedures to solve the problems found in the translating Receptor Language
Restructuring
Y Transferring
X Analyzing
Source Language
process. However, the translation procedures are often confused with translation techniques and methods.
Molina and Albir 2002 on their article give light to the confusion above, they define translation techniques as procedures to
analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. They have five basic characteristics: 1 they affect the result of the translation, 2
they are classified by comparison with the original, 3 they affect micro-units of text, 4 they are by nature discursive and contextual,
and 5 they are functional. They are not only categories available to analyze a translated text. Coherence, cohesion, thematic progression
and contextual dimensions also intervene in the analysis Molina and Hurtado Albir, 2002:509. Additionally, they define that the
translation method affects the way micro-units of the text are translated: the translation techniques. They give a suggestion to
distinguish between the method chosen by the translator that affects the whole text, and the translation techniques that could affect micro-
units of the text. Newmark 1988 also adds more information in distinguishing
translation method and translation procedures. He states that while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are
used for sentences and the smaller units of language.
Vinay and Darbelnet in Venutti, 2000 are experts who first introduce the term technical procedures in the translation method.
They propose seven basic procedures which are included to the direct translation or literal and indirect or oblique translation. Based on
them, the seven basic procedures are operating on three levels of styles: lexis, distribution morphology and syntax and message.
Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, even morphological equivalence between two languages. According to
the authors, this is only possible when the two languages are very close to each other. Direct translation covers borrowing, calque, and
literal translation. Whereas Oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is
impossible. Oblique translation covers
transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. Each can be specified as follows.
1 Borrowing
Borrowing is a word taken directly from another language, e.g., the English word
bulldozer
has been incorporated directly into other language. Based on Vinay and Darbelnet in Venutti, 2000,
sometimes a translator may use borrowing to introduce the flavour of the source language SL culture into a translation. They also add that
borrowing is used as it has become a part of the respective lexicon. For example
