Analytical Construct LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL

55 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

A. Type of the Research

This research analyzes the translation of conjunctive relation in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories: “The Snow of Kilimanjaro”, “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place ”, “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber”, “The Gambler, The Nun, and The Radio”, and “Fathers and Sons ” in Bahasa Indonesia. Type of this research is descriptive qualitative. A qualitative research is a research method which place more emphasis on the understanding of a problem than to see the problem for generalization of the research. It uses analysis techniques, which examines issues case by case basis because qualitative methodology convinced that the nature of the problem will vary with the nature of other. A descriptive research is a research which is conducted to investigate a condition or other phenomenon of which the result presented in a report Arikunto, 2010: 3. It is intended to know what actually happens in certain situation and condition. The kind of this research is aimed to describe systematically the facts in the area of interest factually and accurately.

B. Data and Data Sources

The data of this study are collected from five short stories by Ernest Hemingway which have been translated into Bahasa Indonesia which are included in one book entitled Kumpulan Cerita Pendek Ernest Hemingway Salju Kilimanjaro by Ursula G. Buditjahja as the data source. The original sources are taken from a compilation book of Hemingw ay’s short stories, The First Forty-Nine Stories by Ernest Hemingway , published by Jonathan Cape, Thirty Bedford Square, London. Those short stories are “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”, “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place ”, “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber ”, “The Gambler, The Nun, and The Radio”, “Fathers and Sons ”. And their translated versions in Bahasa Indonesia are entitled: “Salju Kilimanjaro”, “Tempat yang Bersih dan Terang”, “Kebahagiaan Hidup Francis Macomber”, “Penjudi, Perawat, dan Radio”, and “Ayah dan Anak”. Those short stories contain many kinds of conjunctive relations as cohesive device and are sufficient to obtain the data of conjunctive relation. In this study, only the conjunctive relations indicating an additive, adversative, causal, temporal, and also continuative are collected as the data for the analysis. The form of the data in this study is sentences which contain the conjunctive relation and the contexts are from paragraph and also dialogues in the short stories.

C. Instrument of the Data

An instrument plays an important role in collecting the required data. Instrument is a kind of tool which is used by the writer to collect the data. In this case, Lincoln and Guba in Sugiyono 2010: 306 state that the instrument of choice in naturalistic inquiry is the human. They continue that other forms of instrumentation may be used in later phases of the inquiry, but the human is the initial and continuing mainstay. The research instrument of this study is the researcher herself. That is, only the researcher who undertake all the research activities from planning to reporting the results. The logic and the interpretative abilities are used by the researcher as a basis for the analysis that allows a systematic study.

D. Data Collecting Technique

In this study, a library research is conducted by the researcher to collect the data since the data source is a written language. The observation method as proposed by Suharsimi Arikunto 2010:199 includes focusing attention to an object using all the senses also applied in this study. The technique is done by observing and recording carefully. In collecting the data in this study, the English short stories and their translation into Bahasa Indonesia are observed and documented as the data by the researcher. The sentences which contain conjunctive relations in the original short stories are taken as the data. The data is used in this research constitutes sentences which are contain conjunctive relation. That sentence in the English and Bahasa Indonesia texts which has conjunctive relation is written and classified in the data sheet with a given code. The codes of the data consist of the code which indicates the type of the conjunctive relation, the translation procedure, and shift of the conjunctive relation. The example of the data sheet is in the Table 4 and the information of the data codes are in the Table 5 below.