The temporal relation shows the relation between two successive sentences. That is, their relation in external terms, as
content may be simply one of sequence in time: the one is subsequent to the other Halliday Hassan, 1976: 261. The forms of the
temporal relation could be expressed by
then, end then, afterwards, after that, subsequently, following, later,
etc. e.g.
a. „… That will be a queer thing, to be sure
However, everything is today.’ Just then she heard something splashing about
in the pool a little way off… Halliday Hassan, 1976: 262
b. „You’ll get used to it in time,’ said the
Caterpillar; and it put the hookah into its mouth and began smooking again. This time Alice
waited patiently until it chose to speak again. ibid
5 Continuative Miscellaneous
The meaning of continuative as the conjunctive items is derivable from their meaning as full forms; their phonological
reduction is simply a signal that they have in fact a backward-linking function Halliday Hassan, 1976: 268. The forms of the
continuative are
now, of course, well, anyway, after all, surely.
e.g. a.
Are you ready? Now when I tell you to jump, close your eyes and jump. Halliday Hassan,
1976: 268
b. „And what does “outgrabe” mean?’
„Well, “outgribing” is something between bellowing and whistling, with a kind of sneeze
in the middle …” Halliday Hassan, 1976: 269
4. Notions of Shifts of Cohesion in Translation
Translation is a process relates to the text and every language has its own standard of textuality. As the distinction in the standard of
textuality, the occurrence of shifts in the translation process cannot be avoided. Kirk 2005 notes that cohesion is one of the standards of
textuality; it is mainly concerned with mutual connectivity of items in the surface structure of a text. Every language has its own set of
cohesive devices and preferred means for creating cohesive harmony Hasan in Kirk, 2005. As a result, he continues that shifts in cohesion
inevitably occur in translation. Blum Kulka in Venutti, 2000 in her paper proposes the issue
about shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation. Blum-Kulka examines the type of shift on the level of cohesion and coherence
proceeding in two directions: a shifts in level of explicitness, b shifts in text meaning. She states in her research that she is not interested in
stylistic preferences or changes caused by the differences in linguistic systems, but rather in important changes inherent to the process of
translation explicitation hypothesis. It is only the optional changes that are relevant in studying shifts in translation, not obligatory
changes given by the language system. Blum-Kulka explores the potential of texts to change or lose their meaning potential through
translation Hruzova, 2009.
5. Short Story
Short story is a brief work of literature. According to
Merriam- Webster
dictionary, short story is an invented prose narrative shorter than a novel usually dealing with a few characters and aiming at unity
of effect and often concentrating on the creation of mood rather than plot.
Based on Edgar Allan Poe in his essay “The Philosophy of Composition”, a short story should be read in one sitting, anywhere
from a half hour to two hour. It is long enough for an average reader to finish in one sitting rather than several as the longer novel or
novella
normally takes. Since it has a shorter length, usually short story focuses only on one plot, one main character, and one central theme,
whereas a novel can tackle multiple plots and themes, with variety prominent characters. Thus, a short story is a fictional work of prose
that is less complex than a novel.
a. Ernest Hemingway’s Short Stories
Hemingway is one of the most popular American authors whose many of his short stories and novels are well known across the
world and his works have been translated into different languages. He got a Nobel Prize in literature in 1954. In Indonesia his short stories
belong to translational literary works of all time .
Indonesian prominent poets who make his name become more popular in this country for
examples are Sapardi Djoko Damono who has successfully translated Hemingway’s long short story,
The Old Man and The Sea
into
Lelaki Tua dan Laut,
and Chairil Anwar who has translated one of his best short stories,
A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
. Hemingway’s short stories which are the data source in this
study are: 1 “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”, 2 “A Clean, Well-Lighted
Place ”, 3 “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber”, 4 “The
Gambler, The Nun, and The Radio ”, and 5 “Fathers and Sons”. He
uses monotonous sentences and full of repetition in his short stories. The readers usually are free to conclude the message or the theme of
the story. The themes which are raised in those five short stories are from simple things in life that overwhelm love, death, and principle of
life.
b. The Summaries of Hemingway’s “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”, “A
Clean, Well-Lighted Place ”, “The Short Happy Life of Francis
Macomber ”, “The Gambler, The Nun, and The Radio”, and
“Fathers and Sons”
The story “The Snow of Kilimanjaro” tells about the inner
struggle of Harry, a writer, who comes to a standstill of his aptitude in writing. He goes to Africa with his wife for hunting and wishes that
his talent could be emerged again there. But he gets a little accident that causes his foot become foul. He is in despair as he feels his life
almost come to an end, and also he is too restless to wait the plane that never comes to pick him up. So he spills the resentment to his wife, a
wealthy widow who had buried his desire to write. He blames his woman for it, but actually he had chosen to make his living with
something else instead of a pen or pencil. He uses his aptitude to get some rich women for living, he live his life by a lie and in the end he
would die by it. “The Gambler, The Nun, and The Radio”
tells about the people as the characters in the story who have the ridiculous principal in their
life, but their principle are consistently persisted by the characters. The next short story,
“A Clean Well-Lighted Place” tells about a contrast point of view between two waiters in a bar about the old visitor who
