the grammar and text-building strategies of the TL. They conclude that explicitation of implicit logical links in the translation process is
totally reader-receiver oriented. Their research related to the explicititation of implicit logical links support this study of shifts of
cohesion in translating process. It is a relevant study as it shows the process of explicitation of implicit logical links as one of shifts in
cohesion associated on Blum- Kulkas’ 1986 work, therefore it is
useful to develop the analysis of shifts in conjunctive relations in the study. The difference is that their research only focuses on cohesion
shift in the level of expliciteness, and it uses different source text. Pramithasari 2009 in her thesis entitled “Grammatical
Cohesion of Sir. A.C. Doyle’s
The Return of Sherlock Holmes
and D. Dianasari’s
Kembalinya Sherlock Holmes
” studies on the types of cohesion found in the bilingual translation novel. She focuses to find
both the grammatical cohesion in the original novel and the grammatical cohesion which are employed in Bahasa Indonesia novel.
She tries to compare the cohesion found in the bilingual languages and finds the similarities in set of cohesive devices in both languages. Her
thesis support the study of cohesion in translation, and it is a relevant study because it also shows the type of conjunction as the part of
cohesive devices both in English and Bahasa Indonesia.
All of the studies above share one point in common: the translation of cohesion play a significant role in the successful of the
translating process. As mentioned before, they are useful as the basis to develop the analysis on this study and provide some more
information about cohesive devices particularly conjunctive relation which is as the focus of this study. Of course, the point of view on this
study is different with those previous researches. This study conducts contrastive descriptive analysis to the data and focuses on the English
conjunctive relations found in the data, the procedures to translate them into the Bahasa Indonesia as the TL, and try to identify shifts in
their translation process.
C. Conceptual Framework and Orientation 1.
Framework
This study analyzes the translation procedures of the conjunctive relation in Ernest
Hemingway’s short stories; “The Snow of Kilimanjaro
”,” A Clean Well-Lighted Place”, “The Gambler, The Nun, and The Radio
”, “Fathers and Sons”, “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomb
er”, and
their translation in Bahasa Indonesia. This study adapts the theory of translation by Jacobson in Venutti, 2000.
For the conception of the types of conjunctive relation, the study adopts Halliday and Hassan’s theory 1976 and supported by theory
from Baker 1992. The theory of translation procedures by Vinay and Darbelnet 2008: 84-93 is also adapted to support this study, whereas
the conception of shifts of cohesion, the researcher adapts Blum Kulka’s theory In Venuti, 2000.
2. Orientation
a. Translation
Interlingual translation constitutes the type of translation applied in this research, whereas the theory is adopted from Jacobson
in Venutti, 2000. He classifies translation into three types.
Figure 2. The classification of translation by Jacobson 1959
Intralingual translation is the translation within the same language such as a translation of a dialect into other dialect in a same
language. In interlingual translation, there can be two or more languages
involved with
different natures,
structures, and
Translation Intralingual translation
Iterlingual translation Itersemiotic translation
characteristics, whereas intersemiotic translation is the translation of the verbal sign by a non-verbal sign. Only the second category,
interlingual translation, is deemed as „translation proper’ by Jakobson. It is the translation from one language into another language. The
example of interlingual translation in this research is the translation of English short stories into the target language text, Bahasa Indonesia. In
interlingual translation, it is hard to get equivalent meaning since the languages involved in a translation process have different natures,
structures and characteristics.
b. Types of Conjunctive Relation
The classification of types of conjunctive relation in this study is based on the work of Halliday and Hassan 1976 in their book
Cohesion in English.
The types of conjunctive relation are Addition, Adversative, Causal, Temporal, and Continuative. They are
summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Types of Conjunctive Relation No
Types of Relation FormsExpressions
1 Additive
1 Simple a
additive
and, and also
b negative
nor, and… not c
alternative
or, or else
2 Complex, emphatic a
additive
furthermore, add to that
b alternative
Alternatively
3 Complex, de-emphatic
by the way, incidentally
4 Apposition a
expository
that is, in other words
b exemplificatory
Thus
5 Comparison a
similar
likewise, in the same way
b dissimilar
on the other hand, by contrast
2 Adversative
1 Adversative „proper’
a simple
yet, though, only
b + „and’
But
c emphatic
however, even so, all
2 Contrastive Avowal
in point of fact, actually, as a matter of fact
3 Contrastive Relations a
simple
but, and
b emphatic
however, conversely, on the other hand
4 Correction
a of meaning
instead, rather, on the contrary
b of wording
at least, I mean
5 Dismissive relations
a closed
in any case, in either case, whichever
b open-ended
anyhow, at any case
3 Causal
1 General a
simple
so, then, therefore
b emphatic
consequently, accordingly, because of this
2 Specific a
reason
on account of this
b result
in consequence, as a result
c purpose
with this in mind
