Panicum barbatum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791; Fl. Trop. E. Africa 451- 898. 1982; Blumea 39: 373-384. 1994.
Plants annual, caespitose. Culms 10-150 cm long, slender; without nodal rooots, or rooting from lower nodes. Sheaths hairy. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Blades 5-30 cm
by 5-20 mm. Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle open, elliptic, 3-25 cm long, contracted about primary branches; primary branches bearing spikelets almost to the base, sterile
at the tips. Panicle branches pubescent, or pilose. Spikelets subtended by an involucre. Fertile spikelets pedicelled, 1 in the cluster. Involucres composed of
bristles, 1-15 cm long; involucral bristles persistent, 6-8 in principal whorl, flexible, antrorsely scaberulous, glabrous. Fertile spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets, 1
fertile florets, without rachilla extension; elliptic, dorsally compressed, 2-3 mm long, falling entire. Glumes shorter than spikelet, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume
0.3 times length of spikelet, ovate, membraneous, no keels, 3-5-nerved; apex obtuse. Upper glume 0.7 times length of spikelet, membraneous, no keels, 5-9-nerved; apex
obtuse. Florets: basal sterile florets male, or barren, with palea; lemma oblong, as long as spikelet, membraneous, 7-nerved, no grooves, or sulcate, obtuse. Fertile
lemma ovate, 2-3 mm long, dorsally compressed, gibbous, indurate, no keels; surface rugose; margins involute; apex apiculate. Palea involute, indurate; surface rugose.
Notes
Found in Africa, Arabia, Eastern Asia, India, Indo-China, Australia, and South America.
Distribution
North: Minahasa, Tomohon, Alt. 700 m.
Habitat
Weed in moist and shaded roadsides.
Specimen examined
Alston 16326 BO.
84.2. Setaria clivalis Ridl. Veldk. Misc. Pap. Landbouwhogeshool 19: 317. 1980.
Panicum clivale Ridl. J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 45: 242. 1906; Misc. Pap. Lansbouwhogeschool 19: 315-320. 1980.
Setaria javana R.A.W Hermm. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 101: 50. 1910.
Setaria laxa Merr. Philipp. J. Sci. 1Suppl.: 366. 1906.
Plants annual. Culms 50-150 cm long, rooting from lower nodes. Sheaths glabrous on surface, outer margin hairy. Ligule 0.5-0.7 mm long, a fringe of hairs.
Blades 15-30 cm by 4-10 mm, rough on both sides, pilose, apex acuminate. Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle open 12-38 cm long; primary branches ascending,
sterile at the tips. Spikelets subtended by an involucre. Fertile spikelets sessile, 1 in the cluster. Involucre composed of persistent bristles, 1 per spikelet, 3-14 mm long,
flexible, glabrous. Fertile spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets, 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; oblong, 2-2.5 mm long, dorsally compressed, falling entire.
Glumes shorter than spikelet, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume orbicular, clasping. 0.7 mm long, 0.3 times length of spikelet, membraneous, no keels, 3-nerved;
apex obtuse. Upper glume elliptic, 1.5 mm long, 0.6 times length of spikelet, membraneous, no keels, 5-7-nerved; apex obtuse. Florets: basal sterile florets barren,
with palea; lemma elliptic, as long as spikelet, membraneous, 5-nerved, sulcate, acute. Fertile lemma elliptic, dorsally compressed, 2.5 mm long, gibbous, indurate, no keel;
surface rugulose; margins involute; apex rostrate; palea involute, indurate, surface rugose. Anthers 3, 1 mm long. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp, dorsally
compressed, 1.5 mm long.
Notes
Found in Malesia. A new record from Sulawesi.
Distribution at Sulawesi
North: Minahasa, Mts. Kawatak, Alt. 340 m
Habitat
River banks
Specimen examined
Lasut 630 WALL.
84.3. Setaria flavida Retz. Veldk. Blumea 391-2: 376. 1994.
Panicum flavidum Retz. Observ. Bot. 4: 15. 1786; Blumea 39: 373-384. 1994. Paspalidium flavidum Retz. A. Camus. Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 419. 1922; Sida
163: 439-446. 1995.
Plants perennial caespitose. Culms 20-110 cm long, tufted, erect, or ascending from a prostrate base. Sheaths strongly keeled, smooth. Ligule 0.5 mm long, a ring of
hairs. Blades 5-30 cm by 5-11 mm, flat, or folded, linear-lanceolate, base sub-cordate and tuberculate-setose, apex abruptly acute. Inflorescence composed of 5-9 racemes,
1.5-3 cm long, appressed. Rachis slightly winged, prolonged into a point. Spikelets packing abaxial, ovate, gibbous, 1.5-2.5 mm long. Glumes dissimilar. Lower glume
ovate, 0.5 as long as spikelet. Upper glume 0.75 as long as spikelet, 7-nerved. Lower lemma as long as spikelet, 5-nerved. Upper lemma granulate. Anthers 3, 2 mm long.
Notes
Found in India, Australia, Solomon islands, and Malesia.
Distribution at Sulawesi
Celebes.
Habitat Specimen examined
Manitik 077 WALL.
84.4.
Setaria palmifolia J. Koenig Stapf. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42285: 186. 1914.
Chaetochloa palmifolia Hitchc. Chase. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 187: 348. 1917; Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India Pakistan i-xviii, 1-767. 1960; Illinois Biol.
Monogr. 29: 1-132. 1962. Chamaeraphis palmifolia Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 771. 1891; Grass. Burma,
Ceylon, India Pakistan i-xviii, 1-767. 1960.
Plants perennial, caespitose. Culms 75-150 cm long. Nodes pubescent. Sheaths without keels, pilose, with tubercle-based hairs. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Blades 30-75
cm by 12-70 mm, margin scabrous, apex attenuate, the surface scabrous. Inflorescence an open panicle, 20-80 cm long; primary branches drooping, sterile at
the tip. Spikelets subtended by an involucre. Fertile spikelets pedicelled, 1 in the cluster. Involucre composed of persistent bristles. Pedicels reduced to a stump.
Fertile spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets, 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; lanceolate, dorsally compressed, 2.5-4 mm long, falling entire. Glumes
shorter than spikelet, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume ovate, 0.3 times length of spikelet, membraneous, no keels, 3-nerved. Upper glume 0.6 times length of
spikelet, oblong, membraneous, no keels, 5-7-nerved; apex acute. Florets: basal sterile florets male, or barren, with palea; lemma elliptic, as long as spikelet,membraneous, 5-
nerved; palea 0.6 length of lemma. Fertile lemma elliptic, dorsally compressed, gibbous, 2.5-3.5 mm long, indurate, no keel; lemma unwrinkled; margins involute;
apex acute. Palea involute, 0.8 times length of lemma, hyaline, or indurate. Anthers 3, 1 mm long. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp.
Notes
Found in Africa, China, India, Indo-China, Malesia, Australasia, Pasific, and South America.
Distribution at Sulawesi
North: Mts. Ambang, Alt. 1375; Mts. Kawatak, Alt. 340 m; Tomohon Alt. 700 m; Minahasa, Tonsealama, 700 m; Dumoga Bone National Park, Mainakum area, Alt.
200 m; 0 41’ 37’’ N 124
05’ 30’’E; Tondano; Minahasa, Ratatotok, Alt. 200 m; Tomohon, Top Masarang, Alt. 1200 m. Central: Sopu valley, c. 80 km SSE of Palu,
Alt. 1000 m, c. 1 16’ S 120
16’E; Sopu valley, Alt. 1000 m; Palu, Kulawi, Alt.700 m; Mt. Nokilalaki, Lindu lake, Alt. 1000 m. South: Polewali, Mamasa-Tabang;
Bantimurung and vicinity, Alt. c. 50 m; Papepekong, Bonthain; Boeloe Parigi, Bij Tanette, Alt. 560 m; Mt. Bonthain, Alt. 1230 m 1400 m; Lombasang, Alt. 950 m;
Malino, Alt. 280 m; Bonto Parang, Alt. 50 m. Southeast: Wawotobi; Buton Island, Kaboengka, Alt. 180 m;
Habitat
Primary rain forest, patches of primary forest trees c. 35 m high in young secondary vegetation, alluvial flat near river, terrain level, much disturbed open
primary forest c. 40 m high, on alluvial soil, terrain gently sloping. Specimen examined
Lasut 169, 632 WALL; Alston 16303 BO; Wisse 92 BO; Vogel 5081, 6923 BO; Bequin 45 BO; Koorders 17269 ß, 17270 ß BO; Hennipman 5664 BO;
Posthumus 2371 BO; Bloembergen 4055 BO; Yoshida 1309 BO; Buwalda 3716 BO; Teysmann 13679 BO; Bunnemeijer 12507, 11269, 11633, 11062, 10740,
10615 BO; Kjellberg 843, 240 BO. 84.5.
Setaria parviflora Poir. Kerguelen. Lejeunia, n.s. 120: 161. 1987.
Cenchrus parviflorus Poir. Encycl. 6: 52. 1804; Blumea 39: 373-384. 1994. Chaetochloa corrugata var. parviflora Poir. Scribn. Merr. Bull. Div.
Agrostol., U.S.D.A. 21: 24, t. 12. 1900. Setaria roemeri Jansen. Reinwardtia 22: 340, f. 18. 1953; Blumea 39: 373-
384. 1994. Setaria surgens Stapf. Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1909: 265. 1909.
Plants perennial. Culms 30-110 cm long. Nodes glabrous. Sheaths no keel, glabrous. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Blades 10-30 cm by 2-7 mm, margin scaberulous,
apex acuminate, the surface scabrous. Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle spiciform, 2-6 cm long, linear; primary branches sterile at the tip. Spikelets subtended by an
involucre. Fertile spikelets pedicelled, 1 in the cluster. Involucre composed of
persistent bristles, 6-11 per spikelet, 1.5-8 mm long, antrorsely scaberulous. Pedicels reduced to a stump. Fertile spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets, 1 fertile florets,
without rachilla extension; lanceolate, dorsally compressed, 2.2-2.8 mm long, falling entire. Glumes shorter than spikelet, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume 1.1-1.4
mm long, ovate, 0.5 times length of spikelet, membraneous, no keels, 3-5-nerved; apex acute. Upper glume ovate, 1.3-1.8 mm long, 0.5 times length of spikelet,
membraneous, no keels, 5-nerved; apex acute. Florets: basal sterile florets barren, with palea; lemma ovate, as long as spikelet, membraneous, 5-nerved. Fertile lemma
lanceolate, dorsally compressed, 2-2.6 mm long, indurate, no keel; surface rugose; margins involute; apex acute. Palea involute, indurate; surface rugose. Anthers 3. 1.2-
1.6 mm long. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp.
Notes
Found in Europe, Africa, China, India, Indo-China, Malesia, Australasia, Pasific, North and South America.
Distribution at Sulawesi
North: Gorontalo. Central: Toboli-Parigi, Alt c. 600 m. South: Boeloe Parigi bij Tannete, Alt. 560 m; Lombasang, Alt. 950 m; Basito Parang, Alt. 50 m; Malino, Alt.
280 m; Mt. Galesong, Alt. 320 m; Matano Lake, Malili. Southeast: Kendari, Angora village, Alt. 10 m; Mt. Wolasi, Kandimura village, Alt. 50 m; 121 km from Kendari
towards Kolaka, Alt. 160 m; Kesio, Lalolae, Alt. 275 m; 139 km from Kendari towards Kolaka, Alt. 300 m; Transmigration village, Mt. Wolasi, Alt. 100 m; Buton Island,
Bau-Bau, Alt. 50 m. Habitat
As component of tall grassland in assosiation with Bothriochloa, Sorghum nitidum; outside the rain forest behind houses, cleared forest, open shrub forest margin
along road side, near a rice field, edges of the field. Specimen examined
leg. ign. 27 BO; leg. ign. 46 BO; Bunnemeijer 11023, 10614, 10784, 10880 BO; Meijer 418 BO; Mehra 10, 27, 86, 98, 96, 25 BO; Kjellberg 109 BO.
84.6. Setaria punctata Burm.f. Veldk. Blumea 391: 381. 1994.
