89.5. Themeda triandra Forssk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 178. 1775.
Anthistiria ciliata Nees, Linnaea 7: 284. 1832; Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India Pakistan i-xviii, 1-767. 1960.
Anthistira japonica Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 901. 1806.
Plants perennial, caespitose. Culms 30-200 cm long, erect. Ligule a ciliolate membrane. Blades 10-30 cm by 2-8 mm. Inflorescence: synflorescence compound,
fasciculate, 8-32 cm long; composed of racemes, terminal and axillary, subtended by a spatheole. Racemes single, cuneate, bearing few fertile spikelets. Rachis fragile at the
nodes. Spikelets in threes: fertile spikelets sessile, 1 in the cluster; companion sterile spikelets pedicelled, 2 in the cluster. Pedicels oblong, 0.5 mm long. Fertile spikelets
comprising 1 basal sterile florets, 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; elliptic, 5-12 mm long, falling entire; callus linear, 2-4 mm long, bearded, attached obliquely.
Sterile spikelets: basal sterile spikelets well-developed, 4 in number, forming an involucre about the fertile, with both pairs arising at about the same level, subsessile,
5-13 mm long; glumes smooth, or tuberculate, glabrous, or pubescent; lower glume muticuous. Lemmas 2, enclosed by glumes. Glumes dissimilar, exceeding apex of
florets, firmer than fertile lemma, shiny. Lower glume oblong, as long as spikelet, coriaceous, no keels, 7-9-nerved; apex obtuse. Upper glume oblong, 3-nerved.
Florets: basal sterile florets barren, without significant palea; lemma lanceolate, 4 mm long, hyaline, no nerved, no lateral nerves. Fertile lemma linear, hyaline, no keel, 1-
nerved; apex entire, 1-awned; principal awn apical, geniculate, 20-75 mm long, with twisted column. Palea absent or minute.
Notes
Found in Africa, Western Asia, Arabia, China, Eastern Asia, India, Indo-China, Malesia, Australasia, and Pasific.
Distribution
South: G. Bonthain, Alt. 1000 m.
Habitat Specimen examined
Posthumus 2764 BO.
89.6. Themeda villosa Poir. A. Camus. Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 364. 1922.
Anthistiria gigantea subsp. villosa Poir. Hook. Encycl. 1: 396. 1812. Aristaria mutica Hassk. Tijdschr. Nat. Geschied. 10: 117. 1843; Grass. Burma, Ceylon,
India Pakistan i-xviii, 1-767. 1960.
Plants perennial, caespitose. Culms up to 400 cm long, firm, glossy, glabrous. Sheaths auriculate, basal strongly keeled, smooth, glabrous, rather loose. Ligule 2 mm
long, membraneous, emarginate. Blades up to 100 cm long by 12 mm long, narrowed towards narrow based, glabrous, with conspicuos white mid-nerve, the margins
scaberupous towards the tip. Inflorescence c. 50 cm long, solitary spike-like racemes arranged in flabelliform spatheate clusters at the ends of the culm or the upper axillary
filiform branches, each cluster with the spathes alternately subtending a raceme consisting of a sessile fertile spikelet surrounded by 4 neuter spikelets forming an
involucre. Basal neuter spikelets reduced to a single glume 10 cm long, glabrous, 5 – 7-nerved, keels narrowly winged throughout, wings translucent. Fertile spikelet
sessile, callus oblique and narrowed to a fine point, glabrous along the face, densely rufous setose-hairy otherwise, 3 mm long on the mature fruit; lower glume lanceolate-
truncate, rounded on the back with the margins inrolled, 7-nerved, the nerves anastomosing at the tip, becoming densely indurate, setosely hairy on the upper half on
the back and along the truncate tip, 5 mm long; upper glume with a central, 3-nerved, indurated portion, the back deeply grooved along the 2 outer nerves, the margins softer
and ciliate along their upper halves, the whole oblong, cylindrical, truncate, setosely hairy on the back of the upper half of the indurated portion, which fits and closes the
lower glume; lower glume a delicate, hyaline, oblong, 2.8 mm long, ciliate towards the truncate tip; palea absent; upper lemma oblong, thick, scarcely nerved, merging into
the long, kneed, and twisted awn, awn 7 cm long, awn rufous-hairy, scaberulous upwards; stamens 3; anthers 1.5 mm long; stigmata 2, plumose.
Notes
Found in Africa, China, India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Pasific.
Distribution at Sulawesi
North: Manado, Lolak. Central: Palu, Kulawi, Alt. 600 m; Palu, Lindu-meer, kali Takararoe, w. Helling goenoeng Ngilalaki, Alt. 1000 m. South: Lamuru; Maros,
near Tompok Balang, Alt. 20 m; Enrekang, Oeore-Dantemaloea, Alt. 900 m; Boekang – Kampaliang; Malino, Alt. 280 m; Bonto Parang, Alt. 50 m; Lombasang, Alt. 950 m;
Lanjienga, Bonthain; Bantimurung and vicinity, Alt. 50 m; Bonto-Bonto, Kec. Bonto Maranu, Kab. Gowa; Bantaeng, near sea; Buttu Singki, Rantepao, Tana Toraja; Pare-
Pare. Southeast: Kp Abeli Kendari; P. Buton, Bau-Bau; Oha, Wakunti, Alt. 200 m. Habitat
Open area, on banks of rivers.
Specimen examined
Posthumus 2348 BO; Kjellberg 154 BO; S. Soenarko 330, 324 BO; Eyma 1086 BO; Teysmann 13746 BO; Bunnemeijer 10782, 10616, 11029 BO; Reyne
s.n. BO; Widjaja 142, 221, 470, 552 BO; Bloembergen 4049 BO; Buwalda 3790 BO; PTU s.n. BO; Yoshida 905 BO.
Tribe 2. ARISTIDEAE C.E. Hubb. Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India Pakistan 685.
1960. Type: Aristida L. Sp. Pl. 1: 82. 1753 Aristideae C.E. Hubb. R.E. Vaughan. Grass. Mauritius Rodrigues 20. 1940.
Aristidinae Maire Weiler. Fl. Afrique N. 2: 29. 1953.
Plants perennial, or occasionally annual. Blades narrow, often convolute. Ligule a line of hairs. Inflorescence a contracted, or open panicle. Spikelets all alike, 1 floret,
bisexual without rachilla extension, laterally compressed, or terete, disarticulating above glumes. Glumes usually longer than floret, persistent, membraneous to scarious,
1-5-nerved; apex acute to acuminate, or mucronate. Floret callus pungent to obtuse, bearded. Lemma usually terete, cartilaginous becoming indurated at maturity, margins
tightly convolute and enclosing the palea, 1-3-nerved, nerves converging at apex, extending directly into 3 awns, or more often combining into a single 3-branched awn
raised upon a twisted column, laterals sometimes reduced, or rarely suppressed, awn branches scabrid, or all, or only the central branch plumose. Palea less than half
length of lemma, often obscure, hyaline, or membraneous. Stamens 3, rarely 1. Caryopsis terete, or fusiform, tightly enclosed within toughened lemma.
Genus description and key to the species
6.
ARISTIDA L. Type: Aristida adscensionis L. Sp. Pl. 1: 82. 1753.
Aristopsis Catasus. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 164: 439. 1981. Curtopogon P. Beauv. Ess. Agrostogr. 32, 159, t. 8, f. 7. 1812.
Schistachne Fig. De Not. Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, 12: 252. 1852.
Stipagrostis Nees. Linnaea 73: 290. 1832. Trixostis Raf. Bull. Bot. Geneve 1: 221. 1830.
From the Latin arista, ae “the awn, the beard of an ear of grain”, because many
of the species have extremely long awns.
About 350 species, cosmopolitan, warm-temperate, tropical and subtropical. Plants annual or perennial, herbaceous, caespitose, forming tussocks. Culms slender
wiry. Internodes solid, or hollow. Auricles absent. Ligule shortly hairy. Blades acute linear to linear-lanceolate to filiform. Plants bisexual; if present the hidden
cleistogenes in the leaf sheaths. Inflorescence a narrow panicle open or spicate; spikelets not secund and pedicellate; 1 bisexual floret. Glumes equal or unequal,
membraneous and keeled. Lower glume 1-nerved; lemma convolute or involute, narrowed and cylindrical with a 3-branched awn or 3 awns, all 3 awns quite glabrous
or upwardly scabrous; callus long and pointed and shortly bearded; palea small and hyaline. Lodicule 2 or 3, absent or present, membraneous if present. Stamens 1-3.
Ovary glabrous. Stigmas 2, reddish or dark brown. Caryopsis sharply pointed, spear- like.
Weed species, ornamental, native pasture species, usually not valuable as fodder, the awn of many species can injure livestock, drought-tolerant, growing in semiarid
woodlands, bare land, savannah, degraded pasture, rain forest, grassland, pampas, in low rainfall areas, on poor dry soil, in stony arid soils, under certain conditions several
species could develop toxic properties. This genus divided according to the awn characters, a difficult genus taxonomically.
Key to the Species 1.a. Perennial; culms unbranched ………………………...6.1. Aristida chinensis
b.
Annual; culms branched …………………...……..6.2. Aristida cumingiana 6.1.
Aristida chinensis Munro. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts. 4: 363. 1860.
Aristida formosana Honda. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 41: 379. 1927. Plants perennial, caespitose. Culms 30-60 cm long, decumbent, unbranched.
Sheaths glabrous on surface. Ligule 0.5 mm long, a fringe of hairs. Blades 10-15 cm by less than 1 mm, curved, involute, surface glabrous. Inflorescece 15-30 cm long, a
panicle open; primary panicle branched, bearded in axils. Spikelets solitary. Fertile spikelets pedicelled, comprising 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extention, linear,
subterete, 10 mm long, breaking up at maturity, disarticulating below each fertile
floret. Glumes similar, reaching apex of florets, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume 10 mm long, 1.2 times length of upper glume, membraneous, 1-keeled, 1-3-
nerved, primary nerves scaberulous, apex setaceously attenuate. Upper glume 8 mm long, 1.1 times of adjacent fertile lemma, membraneous, 1-keeled. Florets: fertile
lemma linear, 7-8 mm long, coriaceous, without keel, 3-nerved. Lemma margins convolute, covering most of palea, apex 3-awned, principal lemma awn 3-branched,
with 15-20 mm long limb, without column, lateral lemma awns 9-13 mm long. Anthers 3, 1-2 mm long.
Notes
Found in China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Phillipines, Thailand, and Vietnam. This species is easily distinguished by its open, scabrid panicle and spikelet
with lower glume longer than upper glume. Distribution at Sulawesi
Central: Palu, Alt. 75 m.
Habitat
Dry area; grassy hill slopes.
Specimens examined
Gilmour 3 L; Lasut 936 WALL.
6.2. Aristida cumingiana Trin. Rupr. Sp. Gram. Stipac. 141. 1842.
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