1.a. Culms hollow; inflorescence plumose, copiously branched panicle with numeruous, crowded, silky-hairy spikelets; floret callus linear, silky-plumose
with long spreading hairs ……………………………………70. Phragmites
b. Culms solid; inflorescence exserted, embraced at base by subtending leaf, without silky-hairy spikelets; floret callus brief, or evident, without silky-
plumose …………………………………………………...78. Rytidosperma
Genus description and key to the species
70. PHRAGMITES Trin
. Type: Arundo phragmites L. Sp. Pl. 1: 81. 1753. Czernya C. Presl., Cyp. Gram. Sic. 22. 1820.
Oxyanthe Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 197. 1855. From the Greek phragma “a fence”, referring to the way in which the plants
grow like a fence along a river bank. About 15 species in the world, from Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Pasific,
and America. Plants perennial. Rhizomatous. Culms erect, hollow, reed-like. Sheaths smooth, striate. Ligule a minute rim on older and larger leaves; on smaller and
younger ones, together with the auricles, bearing prominent hairs. Blades deciduous at the ligule, linear, or lanceolate. Inflorescence an opened panicle. Spikelets solitary:
fertile spikelets pedicelled. Pedicels filiform. Fertile spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets, 3-4 fertile florets, with diminished florets at the apex; cuneate, laterally
compressed, breaking up at maturity, disarticulating below each fertile floret. Glumes persistent, shorter than spikelet, gaping. Florets: basal sterile florets male, or barren,
with palea. Fertile lemma lanceolate, membraneous, no wing, 1-3-nerved; lemma surface wrinkled; palea 2-nerved. Lodicules 2. Anthers 3. Caryopsis with adherent
pericarp.
70.1. Phragmites vallatoria L. Veldk. Blumea 371: 233. 1992.
Phragmites karka Retz Trin., Observ. Bot. 4: 21. 1786. Arundo karka Retz., Nomencl. Bot. ed.2 1: 144. 1840; Blumea 371: 227-237.
1992.
Plants perenial, caespitose, erect, with creeping stolons. Culms up to 400 cm long, 15 mm thick, hollow. Sheaths 24 cm long, smooth, striate. Ligule a minute rim,
together with the auricles, bearing prominent hairs. Blades 45 cm long by 25 mm
long, linear-ligulate with a broad base, apex acute, margins smooth or rough, midnerve glabrous. Inflorescence a large compound terminal panicle, silvery-hairy at anthesis;
spikelets about 10-flowered, the lemmas progressively shorter; lower glume lanceolate, boat-shape, 4 mm long, 3-nerved, glabrous, midnerve slightly scabrid on
the back; upper glume lanceolate, boat-shaped, 5 mm long, 3-nerved, glabrous, midnerve slightly scabrid on the back; lemma 1.9 mm long, 3-nerved, linear, inrolled
and concealing the palea, mid-nerve scabrid on the back; palea 2.8 mm long, 2-nerved, linear-acute, scabrid on the back of the nerves, margins infolded; stamens 3; anthers
1.8 mm long; ovary with 2 diverging feathery stigmata; lodicule 2, 0.5 mm long, ovate-truncate; fruit oblong cylindrical; rachis articulated between the floretss, with the
internodes, except the lowest, bearing long silky hairs, 5 mm long.
Notes
Found in Africa, Western Asia, Arabia, China, India, Indo-China, Malesia, Australia, and Pasific.
Distribution at Sulawesi
North: Strand van Manado, 0 m. Central: Kolonedale – Wioe; Tempe meer, Wadjo; Kp. Laoet tawar Tempemeer; Mt. Nokilalaki, Paliti, by Lake Lindu, Alt. 970
m, 1 13’ S 120
08’ E. South: Masamba Luwu, vlakte van Pangko, Alt. 1200 m. Southeast: P. Buton, Wakoko, Alt. 180 .
Habitat
Swamp forest.
Specimen examined
Eyma 1527, 1267, 3417 BO; Adj. Veearts Gorontalo 25 BO; Vaas s.n. BO; Meijer 9961 BO; Kjellberg 265 BO; Koorders 19712
β BO; Vuuren Noerkas
365 BO. 78.
RYTIDOSPERMA Steud. Type: Rytidosperma lechleri Steud., Syn. Pl.
Glumac. 1: 425. 1854. Erythranthera Zotov, New Zealand J. Bot. 1: 124. 1963.
Monostachya Merr., Philipp. J. Science 5: 330. 1910. From the Greek rhytis ‘wrinkle’, and sperma ‘seed’, referring to the back of a
larvae mistaken for the seed. About 35 species, Africa, Asia, and South America. Plants perennial,
caespitose. Culms 2-56 cm long, branched or unbranched, 1-4 noded. Internodes hollow or solid. Blades linear, or linear-lanceolate; without cross nervation,
disarticulating from the sheaths, or persistent. Ligule a fringed membrane very short,
or a fringe of hairs, 0.5 mm-5 mm long. Inflorescence few to many spikelets, paniculate or sometimes almost a raceme, or reduced to a single spikelet, open to
contracted; not secund, pedicellate. Spikelets 3-17 cm long, cuneate, or obovate, compressed laterally, disarticulating above the glume; hairy callus present. Glumes
similar, scabrous, awnless, keeled above; lower glume 5-7-nerved; upper glume 5-7- nerved. Stamens 3. Anthers 0.3-3 mm long, not penicilate. Stigma 2; white, or red
pigmented, or brown.
Key to the Species
1.a. Culms 12-50 cm long; blades 3-15 cm by 0.4-0.8 mm; inflorescence a panicle, comprising 3-13 fertile spikelets; lower glume 6-9 mm long ..............
....................................................................78.1. Rytidosperma bonthainicum b. Culms 2-10 cm long; blades 0.5-3 cm by 0.5 mm; inflorescence comprising only
a few spikelets, 1 fertile spikelets; lower glume 3 mm long .....................
......................................................................78.2. Rytidosperma oreoboloides 78.1.
Rytidosperma bonthainicum P. Jansen Veldk. Reinwardtia 122: 139.
2004. Danthonia bonthainica Jansen Veldk. Blumea 381: 217. 1993.
Austrodanthonia bonthainica Jansen H.P. Linder. Telopea 73: 270. 1997. Danthonia pilosa var. bonthainica Jansen. Reinwardtia 22: 258. 1953.
Notodanthonia penicillata subsp. bonthainica Jansen Veldk. Taxon 292-3: 298. 1980.
Plants perennial, caespitose. Basal innovations extravaginal. Culms 12-50 cm long. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Blades 3-15 cm by 0.4-0.8 mm, deciduous at the ligule,
surface glabrous. Inflorescence a panicle, comprising 3-13 fertile spikelets. Peduncle glabrous. Panicle contracted, 2-6 cm long; axis pilose; branches pilose. Spikelets
solitary. Fertile spikelets pedicelled; comprising 4-6 fertile florets, with diminished florets at the apex; laterally compressed, 6.5-9 mm long, breaking up at maturity,
disarticulating below each fertile floret. Glumes similar, persistent, shorter than spikelet. Lower glume 6-9 mm long, as long as upper glume; surface glabrous. Upper
glume 1.2 times length of adjacent fertile lemma, 0.9 times length of spikelet; surface glabrous. Florets: fertile lemma 5-6.5 mm long; surface with marginal hair tufts,
bearing 4 hair tufts in all; hairs 1.2-1.5 mm long; apex lobed, bifid, with lobes 2-3 mm long, 3-awned; principal awn from a sinus, 7-10 mm long, geniculate, with twisted
column; lateral lemma awns arising on apex of lobes, 1.5-3.5 mm long. Palea surface glabrous. Anthers 1-1.5 mm long.
Notes
Found in Malesia.
Distribution
South: G. Bonthain Bawakaraeng, Alt. 2890 m, 2750 m.
Habitat
Not recorded.
Specimen examined
Bunnemeijer 12260, 12210 BO; Tijl 767
a
BO. 78.2.
Rytidosperma oreoboloides F. Muell. H.P. Linder. Telopea 64: 614. 1996;
Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 271:, t. 2606. 1899; Taxon 29: 298. 1980; Brittonia 22: 107. 1936.
Plants perennial, cushion forming. Culms 2-10 cm long. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Blades 0.5-3 cm by 0.5 mm, stiff; apex abruptly acute. Inflorescence
comprising only a few spikelets; 1 fertile spikelets. Spikelets solitary. Fertile spikelets comprising 2-3 fertile florets, with diminished florets at the apex; elliptic, 4-5 mm
long, laterally compressed, breaking up at maturity, disarticulating below each fertile floret; callus pilose. Glumes similar, persistent, shorter than spikelet, similar to fertile
lemma in texture. Lower glume 3 mm long, oblong, as long as upper glume, membraneous, no keels, 1-3-nerved; apex obtuse. Upper glume 3 mm long, as long as
adjacent fertile lemma, membraneous, no keels, 1-3-nerved; apex obtuse. Florets: fertile lemma elliptic, 3 mm long, membraneous, no keels, 7-nerved; lateral nerves
obscure; surface with marginal hair tufts, bearing 4 hair tufts; apex dentate, bifid, 1- awned; principal awn from a sinus, 0.5 mm long. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp,
ellipsoid, dorsally compressed, biconvex, 1.3 mm long.
Notes
Found in Malesia.
Distribution at Sulawesi
South: Enrekang, Mts Pokapinjang, Latimojong Range, Alt. 2800 m; Mts. Rantemario, Alt. 3400 m, Alt. 2700 m.
Habitat
Open terrain by top; very exposed with only low-growing plants associates.
Specimen examined
Eyma 606 BO; Sands 411 BO; Kjellberg 3034 BO.
Tribe 4. ARUNDINELLEAE Stapf. Fl. Cap. 7: 314. 1898. Type: Arundinella
Raddi. Agrostogr. Bras. 36-37, pl. 1, f.3. 1823. Arundinellinae Honda. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 228. 1930.
Garnotieae Tateoka. J. Jap. Bot. 32: 277. 1957. Garnotiinae Pilg. Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed.2 14d: 167. 1956.
Trichopteryginae Jacq.-Fel. Gram. Afr. Trop. 1: 92. 1962.
Plants annual, or perennial. Blades usually linear. Ligule very short, membraneous, margin sometimes ciliate. Inflorescence a panicle, often large with
numeruous spikelets, primary branches frequently racemose. Spikelets all alike, narrowly lanceolate to ovate, slightly laterally or dorsally compressed; florets 1 or 2,
falling entire or breaking up. Glumes equal to spikelet, or lower glume usually shorter, membraneous to leathery, 3-5-nerved, often tuberculate-setose; lower floret staminate
or barren, its lemma resembling upper glume, often persistent, 3-5-nerved, with a narrow palea; upper floret bisexual, its lemma membraneous, thinly leathery or
cartilaginous, entire to 2-lobed, awned from apex or sinus, rarely awnless; awn geniculate with twisted column, or straight, sometime deciduous. Caryopsis with a
linear or punctiform hilum.
Key to the Genera 1.a. Spikelets with 1 floret, falling entire …………………………...43. Garnotia
b. Spikelets with 2 florets, breaking up at maturity …………….8. Arundinella
Genus description and key to the species 8. ARUNDINELLA Raddi
. Type: Arundinella brasiliensis Raddi. Agrostogr. Bras. 36-37, pl. 1, f. 3. 1823.
Acratherum Link. Hort. Berol. 1: 230. 1827. Brandtia Kunth. Revis. Gramin. 2: 511. 1831.
Calamochloe Rchb. Consp. Regn. Veg. 52. 1828. Thysanachne C. Presl. Thysanachne, Nov. Pl. Gen. 11, t. 6. 1829.
Diminutive from the Latin arundo, dinis harundo “a reed, cane”. About 55 species, pantropical and warm regions, tropics and subtropics, mainly
in asia. Plants annual or perennial. Culms erect and tough, simple or branched, tufted,
spreading, herbaceous, rhizomatous or stoloniferous, short and branched rhizomes; glabrous nodes. Internodes solid, or hollow. Sheaths non-auriculat. Ligule a very
short fringed membrane. Blades linear and narrow. Plants bisexual. Inflorescence variable, an oblong panicle open or contracted. Spikelets mostly in pairs or in triads.
Florets 2, upper floret bisexual and early deciduous, lower floret sterile or male and more or less persistent. Glumes 2, unequal and membraneous; lower lemma ovate-
elliptic, upper lemma coriaceous and awned. Lodicule 2 fleshy and glabrous. Stigma 2.
Key to the Species
1.a. Annual; filiform; spikelets ovate; principal lemma awns 2-3 mm long
……………………………………………………….8.2. Arundinella pumila
b. Perennial; not filiform; principal lemma awns more than 4.5 mm long ………………………………………………….……………………………...2
2.a. Ligule a ciliolate membrane; pedicels scabrous; floret callus pubescent; upper
glume apex caudate ………………………………….8.3. Arundinella setosa
b. Ligule a ciliate membrane; pedicels angular; floret callus pilose; upper glume
apex acute …………………………………………8.1. Arundinella goeringii 8.1.
Arundinella goeringii Steud. Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 116. 1854.
Plants perennial. Culms 30-130 cm long, erect, or geniculately ascending. Internodes smooth, distally glabrous. Sheaths pilose, with tubercle-based hairs. Ligule
a ciliate membrane. Blades 4-30 cm by 5-16 mm, apex acute, the surface smooth, pilose, hairy on both sides, with tubercle-based hairs. Inflorescence a panicle.
Panicle open, or contracted, 4-38 cm long, axis scabrous, branches angular. Spikelets solitary, or in pairs; fertile spikelets pedicelled, 1 or 2 in the cluster. Pedicels angular,
5.5 mm long. Fertile spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets, 1 fertile florets, without rachilla extension; lanceolate, laterally compressed, 5 mm long, breaking up at
maturity, disarticulating below each fertile floret. Floret callus pilose, obtuse. Glumes dissimilar, persistent, exceeding apex of florets, thinner than fertile lemma. Lower
glume ovate, 3 mm long, 0.7 times length of upper glume, membraneous, 1-keeled, 5- nerved, surface glabrous, or pilose, apex acute, muticuous, or mucronate. Upper
glume ovate, 5 times length of adjacent fertile lemma, membraneous, 1-keeled, 5-
nerved, surface glabrous, or pilose, apex acute. Basal sterile florets male, with palea, persisting on inflorescence. Lemma of lower sterile floret similar to upper glume,
ovate, membraneous, 1 keeled, 5-nerved. Fertile lemma ovate, 2.5 mm long, coriaceus, without keeled, lateral nerves obscure, surface asperulous, margins involute,
interlocking with palea keels, apex entire, 1-awned, principal lemma awn up to 7 mm long, geniculate, with twisted column. Palea as long as lemma, coriaceous, 2-nerved,
surface asperulous. Lodicules 2, cuneate, fleshy. Anthers 3. Stigmas 2. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp.
Notes
Found in Malesia.
Distribution at Sulawesi
South: Lombasang Mts. Lompobatang.
Habitat
Open habitats, common on riverbanks, marshes and marshy places, rainforest, rocky slopes.
Specimen examined
Goering 139 L; Meijer 10902 L; Bunnemeijer 10847, 11718 L, isotype.
8.2. Arundinella pumila Hochst. ex A. Rich. Steud. Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 114.
