position of the phrase has to be changed. The position of the modifier, or the adjective, comes after the head. The other things can be found in the example
before is the use of plural words instruments and groups in the ST, which are translated becomes singular words. The word instruments becomes alat, and
groups becomes kelompok. Transposition can also be applied to reverse the whole sentence form. For
example, ST: It is a great mistake to keep silent about the matter.
TT: Berdiam diri tentang masalah itu merupakan kesalahan besar. The position of the two clauses is reversed. This strategy is applied in the
sentence because the sentence structure in the ST is not apropriate in the TT. This strategy can be applied for the sake of language style in the TT.
In English, a sentence can consist of some clauses and its meaning is still clear and understandable. While in Bahasa Indonesia, a sentence will not be
understandable if there are more than two clauses in it Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:69. For example,
ST : Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale, which
can exceed 30 m in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth. Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are
important differences in its external structure: its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat, horizontal paddles the tail of a fish is vertical
and it has a single nostril on the top of its large, broad head.
TT 1 : Beberapa spesies sangatlah besar dan paus biru, yang bisa mencapai panjang lebih dari 30 meter, adalah binatang terbesar yang
pernah hidup di bumi. Sepintas ikan paus tampak mirip ikan biasa, namun bila dicermati terdapat perbedaan pokok pada struktur
luarnya: ekornya terdiri dari sepasang “sirip” lebar, pipih, dan mendatar ekor ikan tegak dan ia mempunyai satu lubang hidung di
atas kepalanya yang besar dan lebar.
TT 2 : Beberapa spesies sangatlah besar. Ikan paus biru, yang bisa mencapai panjang lebih dari 30 meter, adalah binatang terbesar yang
pernah hidup di bumi. Sepintas ikan paus tampak mirip ikan biasa, namun bila dicermati terdapat perbedaan pokok pada struktur
luarnya.Ekornya terdiri dari sepasang “sirip” lebar, pipih, dan
mendatar sementara ekor ikan biasa tegak. Ikan paus mempunyai satu lubang hidung di atas kepalanya yang besar dan lebar
Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:70.
In the TT 1, the transposition of the adjective is done, but the strategy is not applied in the level of sentence. While in TT 2, the sentence from the ST is
divided into two or more sentence in the TT and as we can see, the TT 2 results a clearer translation than the TT 1 Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:68-70;
translated.
b. Semantic Strategy
This strategy is applied for the meaning consideration. This strategy can be utilized in words, phrases, clauses, and even sentences Suryawinata and
Hariyanto, 2003:70. There are nine strategies which included in semantic strategy. Those nine strategies are:
i. Borrowing
Borrowing is a strategy which brings certain words from the ST into the TT. This strategy is applied in order to appreciate that certain words. There two
kinds of borrowing, they are transliteration and naturalization. Transliteration is the kind of strategy that keeps the ST words in the original form the sound and
the spelling when it is translated into the TT. For example, the word mall in the ST becomes mall also in the TT.
While the naturalization is the adaptation form of words in the ST into the TT. In naturalization, the pronunciation and the spelling adjust the language
rule in the TT. It can be seen from the example stated by Suryawinata and
Hariyanto, the word sandal in English is translated into sandal also in Bahasa Indonesia. In English, it is pronounced as s
ӕndl, while in Bahasa Indonesia, it is pronounced as sandal Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:70-71.
ii. Cultural Equivalent
According to Suryawinata and Hariyanto, this strategy is applied by replacing the typical word in the ST with the typical word in the TT. This
strategy is needed sometime since both of the languages may have different cultural beackground. This strategy may result a different meaning in the TT,
nonetheless, the TT readers will grasp the point text easier because the typical word in the TT itself is common to be used in the TT. For example:
ST: Minggu depan Jaksa Agung Andi Ghalib akan berkunjung ke Swiss. TT: Next week the Attorney General Andi Ghalib will visit Switzerland
Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:72.
Based on the example above, the phrase Jaksa Agung is translated into Attorney General instead of Great Attorney. It is because in the TT, there is no
phrase Great Attorney for explaining Jaksa Agung.
iii. Descriptive Equivalent and Componential Analysis
Newmark in Suryawinata and Hariyanto 2003:73 reiterates that this equivalence tries to describe the meaning and function from the ST word. This
descriptive equivalent is chosen because the particular word in the ST is so related to the culture in the ST, and it is considerednot equivalent by applying
the cultural equivalent strategy. This strategy is usually placed on the glossary. Suryawinata and Hariyanto in their book propose an example, the word samurai
in Japanese ST cannot be translated into kaum bangsawan in the TT when the
text is about Japanese culture. Therefore, this strategy has to be applied. The word samuarai should be translated into aristokrat Jepang pada abad XI sampai
XIX yang menjadi pegawai pemerintahan. Another strategy which similar to descriptive equivalent is componential
analysis strategy. This strategy is applied when the ST word is translated into the TT word by giving detail explanation of the meaning in the TT words. The
descriptive equivalent is chosen to translate the words related to culture, while the componential analysis is applied to translate the general words. For example:
ST: Gadis itu menari dengan luwesnya. TT: The girl is dancing with great fluidity and grace Suryawinata and
Hariyanto, 2003:73. By applying the componential analysis strategy, the word luwes is
translated becomes with great fluidity and grace, hence, the TT readers will be easier to imagine and understand what luwes is.
iv. Synonym
According to Newmark, the word „synonym‟ in the sense of near target language equivalent to an source language word in a context, where a precise
equivalent may or may not exist 1988:84. This strategy is used by applying the similar word to the ST in the TT.
ST: What a cute baby you‟ve got
TT: Alangkah lucunya bayi Anda Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:73.
The word cute is translated into lucu. Thsoe two words are synonymous. The word cute indicates tininess, beauty or handsomeness, and pleasant to play
