5. Consecutive Interpreting
The definition of consecutive interpreting in this research is from Christoffels and de Groot in Kroll and de Groot, 2005: 455 who state that in
consecutive interpreting, the interpreter “starts to interpret when the speaker stops speaking, either in breaks in the source speech
… or after the entire speech is finished
.” Consecutive interpreting is classified into two types, which are: „classic’
consecutive and „short’ consecutive Pöchhacker, 2004: 18. The first type, „classic’ consecutive, requires a long time enough for every segment; the second
type, „short’ consecutive, requires not more than one minute but several seconds, in which the interpreter is not too required to take notes. To describe the
differences between „classic’ consecutive and „short’ consecutive, the diagram presented is as follows.
6. Techniques of Adjustment
This research focuses on analyzing and describing the techniques of adjustment, which is proposed by Nida, 1964: 226-238, employed by the
interpreter. While the techniques of adjustment in translating consist of: additions, subtractions, alterations, and footnotes, in this research footnotes is not included
„Classic’ Consecutive Note Taking
„Short’ Consecutive
Figure 3. Note-Taking for Consecutive Interpreting
since the data observed is from interpreting, not translating. It means that techniques that have possibilities to be employed by the interpreter are: additions,
subtractions, and alterations. The brief explanation is as follows.
a. Additions
This research involves nine techniques which are considered to be the most common and important types of additions. They include the following types:
1 filling out elliptical expressions, 2 obligatory specification, 3 additions required by grammatical restructuring, 4 amplification from implicit to explicit
status, 5 answer to rhetorical questions, 6 connectives, and 7 doublets. The example is presented as follows.
SE: False presidents TE: Mereka yang berpura-pura mejadi seorang presiden
[Those who pretend the work of a president]
The adjective „false’ in the SE is changed into noun clause „orang yang berpura-pura
’ in the TE which in English means „those who pretend’.
b. Subtractions
In this research, subtractions includes seven basic types: 1 repetitions, 2 specification of reference, 3 conjunctions, 4 transitional, 5 vocatives, and 7
formulate. The example is presented as follows. SE: He said
, “I love you,” said he.
TE: Dia bilang , “Aku cinta kamu.”
[He said , “I love you.”]
The clause „said he’ in the SE, which is equal to „He said’, is not translated in the TE since it is considered that repetition is not needed in the TE.
The clause „Dia bilang’ in the TE, which means „He said’, is equally representing both clauses „He said’ and „said he’.
c. Alterations
In this research, alterations includes seven basic types: 1 categories, 2 word classess, 3 clause and sentence structures, 4 semantic problems involving
single words, 5 semantic problems involving exocentric expressions. The example is presented as follows.
SE: Beauty is only skin deep. TE: Jangan menilai seseorang hanya dari penampilannya saja
[ Don’t judge people just from their appearance.]
In the example above, the TE looks very different from the SE. The expression “beauty is only skin deep” in the SE is changed into “jangan menilai
seseorang hanya dari penampilannya saja ” in the TE which in English means
“don’t judge people just from their appearance.” Although both expressions look different, they have still the same purpose which is to show that a person’s
character is more important than how they look.
7. Translation and Interpreting Quality Assessment
Considering that „interpreting’ is classified as a type of translation, in which its function is to transfer the message from Source Text ST into Target
Text TT, the researcher aims to adapt the „Translation Quality Assessment’
TQA formulated by Nababan, Nuraeni, and Sumardiono 2012: 39-57. While
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