a. Notions of Translation
Notions of translation have wide senses depending to whose perspective it refers. The notions of translation would be presented by involving some
definitions from various experts in translation field as follows. Firstly, Catford 1965: 20 defines translation as
“the replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another
language TL. Similarly, Nida and Taber 1982: 208 define translation as “the
reproduction in a receptor language of the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style.” Then,
Brislin 1976: 1 defines translation as: the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language source to
another target, whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such
standardization; or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf.
Here, it can be seen that translation can be in several forms, including:
written translation, interpreting, and sign-language interpreting. Then, Bell 1991: 13 defines translation into three distinct meanings:
1 translating: the process to translate; the activity rather than the tangible
object; 2
a translation: the product of the process of translating i.e. the translated text; and
3 translation: the abstract concept which encompassed both the process
of translating and the product of that process. Here,
the terms „translation’ may refer to: the process translating, the product a translation, and the abstract concept translation. Meanwhile, House
2015: 2 defines translation as “the result of a linguistic-textual operation in
which a text in one language is re-contextualized in another language. ” This
definition implies that translation is a complex phenomenon.
b. Types of Translation
To know the definitions of translation in deeper explanations, it is necessary to know the types of translation. Firstly, Jakobson in Brower, 1959:
233 classifies three types of translation as follows. 1
Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.
2 Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of
verbal signs by means of some other language. 3
Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.
Meanwhile, Holmes in Venuti, 2000: 178-179 classifies „human
translation’ into two types: interpretingoral translation and written translation. Further, by developing Jakobson
’s translation classification in Brower, 1959: 233, Gottlieb 2005: 3 classifies translation into several types based on
two main aspects. Firstly, based on semiotic identity or non-identity, translation is classified into: intrasemiotic and intersemiotic types of translation. Secondly,
based on the possible change in semiotic composition, translation is classified into: a isosemiotic using the same channels of expression as the source
text, b diasemiotic using different channels, c supersemiotic using more channels, or d hyposemiotic using fewer channels than the original text.
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