refer to oral translation since interpreting can be in another verbal form, such as written text, or in non verbal form, such as sign language. Therefore, to gain
clearer explanations about interpreting, the notions and types of interpreting are represented as follows.
a. Notions of Interpreting
Notions of interpreting encompass wide senses since the experts in translation and interpreting define interpreting according to their different points
of view. Interpreting occurs “whenever a message originating orally in one
language is reformulated and retransmitted orally in a second language ”
Anderson, 1978: 218. In other side, Otto Kade in Pöchhacker, 2004: 10 defines interpreting as a form of Translation, in the way that:
“the source-language text is presented only once and thus cannot be reviewed or replayed, and the target-
language text is produced under time pressure with little change for correction and revision.
” To be in line with Kade in Pöchhacker, 2004: 10, Pöchhacker 2004: 11
formulates what Kade defined into a simpler definition. T he term „text’ in the
Kade’s definition is specified into the term „utterance’ by Pöchhacker. The formulation states that:
“Interpreting is a form of Translation in which a first and final rendition in another language
is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation
of an utterance in a source language” Pöchhacker, 2004: 11. Based on this definition, it can be seen that the form of interpreting is more in spoken
than in written or sign language. In addition, Nolan 2005: 2 defines interpreting as a situation in
which “[a]n interpreter listens to a spoken message in the source
language and renders it orally, consecutively or simultaneously, in the target language.
” To gain more specific definitions of interpreting, it is needed to bring the
definitions into further explanations covering various types of interpreting.
b. Types of Interpreting
Al-Zahran, in his Doctoral thesis 2007: 16, mentions some classifications of interpreting based on four criteria:
„mode’, „setting’, „directionality’, and „language modality’.
1 Types of Interpreting in Terms of „Mode’
There are at least four modes of interpreting as follows. a
Consecutive Interpreting Consecutive interpreting is defined as a type of interpreting in which the
interpreter “listens to the speaker, takes notes, and then reproduces the speech in the target language
” and “this may be done all at one go or in several segments” Nolan, 2005: 3. In consecutive interpreting, the interpreter
“starts to interpret when the speaker stops speaking, either in breaks in the source speech
… or after the entire speech is finished
” Christoffels and de Groot in Kroll and de Groot, 2005: 45. In this mode, the interpreter deals with at least two phases: first
listening to the SL speaker for a view minutes and then reformulating the speaker’s speech into TL Gile in Schäffner, 2004: 11-12. In this mode, the
interpreter should wait, listen to what the speaker speaks, and then interpret it soon after the source-text speaker stops speaking. The interpreter should translate
