Additions Add Description of the Techniques
can get the idea that love is a significant feeling. Another example is presented as follows.
Datum 095seg17231:02Add.3AB SE: What poisons the brain?
TE: Apakah hal-hal yang merupakan racun otak?
In the example above
, the word „poisons’ is interpreted as „hal-hal yang merupakan
racun ’ literary, „things that are constituted as a poison’ in the target
expression. There are some lexical additions caused by the alteration of word classes, changing verb to noun,
in which the verb „poisons’ in the source expression is changed to
the noun „racun’ in target expression. The word „racun’ literary, „a poison’ does not correspond enough to the rules of the Bahasa
Indonesia if it is interpreted separately as a noun in such interrogative form, in which the sentence will become
“Aapakah racun otak?”, unless there are some
lexical additions such as what shown in the example above. The last example of this type, additions required by grammatical restructuring, is presented as follows.
Datum 101seg18833:13Add.3AA
SE: Lifestyle tragedy cannot cause depression. TE: Pola hidup berupa tragedi itu tidak bisa menyebabkan kita tertekan
batin .
In the example above, the word
„depression’ is interpreted as „kita tertekan batin
’ literary, „we depress’ in the target expression. There is a change
from noun into verb, in which the word „depression’ is a noun and the phrase „tertekan batin’ literary, „depress’ is a verb. Consequently, the word „kita’
literary, „we’, as the subject for the verb, is added in the source expression so it
becomes
„kita tertekan batin’ literary, „we depress’.
3 Amplification from Implicit to Explicit Status
It is the type of additions most frequently used by the interpreter in the seminar, taking up 28 data or 15.56. This type is used when there is an implicit
meaning in the source language which would be misleading in the target language unless it becomes explicit by amplification in the target textexpression. The first
example is presented as follows. Datum 016seg2103:24Add.4BA
SE: Forced love is not love.
TE: Cinta yang dipaksa itu bukan cinta yang murni.
In this first example, the word „love’ is interpreted into the phrase „cinta
yang murni ’ literary, „a pure love’ in the target expression. It can be seen that
there are some lexical additions in the target expression which show the implicit meaning in the source language so it becomes explicit in the target language. The
idea is that there are actually many levels of love, which depend on various situations, and some people may sometimes be forced to love and then they are
able to love though they love in low quality because there may be some other feelings mixed so it means that their love are not pure. In order to gain a further
explanation of this amplification type, the second example is presented as follows.
Datum 119seg22338:42Add.4BA SE: The feelings make a bad boss.
TE: Dan kalau kita bergantung pada perasaan, maka kita mempunyai boss yang kurang baik.
Perasaan ini bukanlah bos yang baik. In the example above, it can be seen that, in the target expression, there is
an additional sentence in the beginning which explain the next sentence. The expression
“The feelings make a bad boss” may quite be misleading in Bahasa Indonesia since people in Indonesia always emphasize that when somebody does
not have any feeling, it means that she or he is not a good person. To avoid such misleading perception, it is necessary to show the audience what the speaker
actually means so the interpreter adds, in the target expression, the sentence “Dan
kalau kita bergantung pada perasaan, maka kita mempunyai boss yang kurang baik
” literary, “And if we only use the feelings so that we have a less good boss” before the sentence “Perasaan ini bukanlah bos yang baik” literary, “This feeling
is not a good boss”. In this case, the implicit meaning is that people are actually allowed to use their feelings but if they only use them, for example, to decide
some logical and complicated cases, they will fail. The last example of this type, amplification from implicit to explicit status, is presented as follows.
Datum 135seg27047:43Add.4AA SE: We need to be very careful who we
’re with.
TE: Kita harus berhati-hati dengan siapa kita berteman.
In this last example, the expression “who we’re with” is interpreted as
“dengan siapa kita berteman” literary, “whom we make friends with”. The
interpreter identifies the implicit meaning in the source expression by adding the word „berteman’ literary, „make friends’ in the target expression. This
identification is based on the previous segment, saying: “Make no friendship with
an angry man and a furious man..., ” which gives a clue that the expression “who
we’re with” means “whom we make friends with.” 4
Connectives It is a type of additions in which the function is just to remark one unit to
another unit. This type is separately employed by the interpreter in 15 data 8.33.
The first
example, which
can be
seen on
datum 009seg1001:22Add.6BB, is shown as follows.
The speaker : Notice, there are two lobes at the front of the brain The interpreter : Perhatikan bahwa di bagian depan ada dua lobus
The interpreter : Medicine calls it the frontal lobe. The speaker : Dan ilmu kedokterannya menyebut itu adalah lobus
frontalis. In the example above, the word „Dan’ literary, „And’, in the target
expression, functions as a transitional between the certain segment and the previous one. Such transitional shows that the certain segment is still telling about
the same subject as the previous segment was telling about, which is about the „two lobes at the front of the brain’. Here, such addition does not add information
since the function is just to mark from one unit to another. The second example, which can be seen on datum 036seg4808:27Add.6AA, is presented as follows.
The speaker : And I began to say lovely things to him again. The interpreter : Dan saya mulai mengatakan hal-hal yang baik lagi.
The speaker : He started to poke me again. The interpreter : Lalu, dia mulai tusuk-tusuk saya lagi.
In the example above, it can be seen that the function of the word „Lalu’
literary, „Then’ is, like what Nida 1664: 230 says, to orient the audience “constantly to the sequences of events.” Here, such addition does not add
information. Then, the last example of this type, connective, which can be seen on datum 063seg9317:15Add.6AA, is presented as follows.
The speaker : Caffeine causes a disruption of neurotransmitter. The interpreter: Dia membuat gangguan daripada neurotransmitter atau
zat penghantar listrik syaraf. The speaker : Alcohol
The interpreter : Demikian juga dengan alcohol
In the example above, the function of the expression “Demikian juga
dengan ” literary, “In the same way” is as a connective which connects such
present segment to the previous one. In this context, such connective , “Demikian
juga dengan ”, is used by the interpreter to show that „alcohol’ has the same effect
as „caffeine’ in terms of causing a disruption of neurotransmitter. Based on this context, it can be known that the interpreter has already understood what the
speaker wants to explain. This fact, that the interpreter has already understood what the speaker wants to explain, arise two possibilities: firstly, the interpreter
has already knows the characteristics of both caffeine and alcohol so he is able to say that alcohol can, just like caffeine, causes a disruption of neurotransmitter, or
secondly, there was a discussion between the speaker and interpreter about what materials the speaker wanted to say, including the similarity between alcohol and
caffeine in terms of causing a disruption of neurotransmitter.
5 Doublet
It is a type of additions in which the target text contains double expressions of one expression in the source text. This type is separately employed
by the interpreter in 13 data 7.22. The first example, which can be seen on datum 031seg4307:53Add.7BB, is shown as follows.
SE: So
A1
I quickly turned my head
A2
away.
TE: Jadi maka
A1
saya cepat-cepat mengalihkan saya punya wajah, kepala ini
A2
. There are two cases in the example above. Firstly, both words
„Jadi’ literary, „ThereforeSo’ and „maka’ literary, „ThereforeSo’ represent the same
meaning in this context. Although the interpreter may aim to emphasize such segment by repeating such transitional, one transitional in the source expression
„so’ becomes two in the target expression „jadi’ and „maka’, it does not correspond to the rules of the target language, Bahasa Indonesia. Therefore, it is
better to use one of them , either the word „jadi’ or „maka’.
Secondly, the phrase „my head’ in the source expression is interpreted as
„saya punya wajah’ literary, „the face I have’ and „kepala ini’ literary, „this head’. Both expressions, „saya punya wajah’ and „kepala ini’, refer to the same
meaning in the source expression which is „my face’. In this context, the use of
two similar meaning words within the same sentence is not in accordance with the rules of the target language, Bahasa Indonesia. Besides, from both expressions,
the expression „saya punya wajah’ literary, „the face I have’ has a closer meaning to the
phrase „my face’ rather than the expression „kepala ini’ literary,
„my head’ so it is better to use the expression „saya punya wajah’ without followed by the
expression „kepala ini’. Another example is shown as follows. Datum 076seg12823:30Add.7BA
SE: You can’t just get depression. TE: Anda tidak begitu saja tertekan batin atau depresi.
In the example above, the meaning of expression „get depression’ is
interpreted into two different expressions but the same meaning, which are „tertekan batin’ literary, „get depression’ and „depresi’ literary, „get
depression ’. Actually, the verb phrase „tertekan batin’ is already able to represent
the meaning of the source expression „get depression’, but the interpreter may intend to emphasize
it by representing the word „depresi’ which is derived from the English word „depression’. Although the word „depresi’ in Bahasa Indonesia
is actually a noun see KBBI, in this context it functions as a verb. The last example of this type, doublet, is represented as follows.
Datum 115seg21437:49Add.7AB SE: Forgiveness is a choice.
TE: Yaitu mengampuni. Mengampuni
itu adalah suatu pilihan. The expression “Forgiveness is a choice” is interpreted in the target
expression as
“Yaitu mengampuni. Mengampuni itu adalah suatu pilihan” literary,
“It is forgiveness. Forgiveness is a choice”. Here, the meaning of the
word „forgiveness’ is represented twice in the target expression by the word
„mengampuni’ literary, „forgiveness’. In this case, the interpreter may intend to
emphasize the meaning of word „forgiveness’ by employing the word
„mengampuni’ twice in the target expression which means „forgiveness’. 6
Combinations of Additions’ Types In 19 data or 10.56, the interpreter uses not only one type of additions
but he also uses more than one type within the same sentence. The following example is a combination of connectives and obligatory specification.
Datum 152seg30454:09Add.2Add.6AB SE:
If we don’t use those brain cells, they
B
die.
TE: Kalau kita tidak memakai akan sel-sel otak kita, maka
A
sel-sel otak kita
B
akan mati. In the example above, there are two types of additions. First, the
interpreter adds the word „maka’ literary, „so’ in the target expression, functioning as connectives between the first and the second clause, which does not
exist in the source expression. Second, the word „they’ in the source expression is
interpreted as „sel-sel otak kita’ literary, „our brain cells’ which is more specific than the word „they’. The interpreter may consider that it would be misleading if
he only interprets the word „they’ literary since the audience will not understand what the word they refers to. Therefore, it is obligatory to represent a more
specific reference of the word „they’, which refers to „the brain cells’. Another example is a combination of additions required by grammatical restructuring and
amplification from implicit to explicit status which is represented as follows.
Datum 104seg19434:24Add.3Add.4AA SE: And that law
A
states whatever you give out, you shall receive again
B
.
TE: Dan di dalam hukum itu
A
mengatakan apa yang anda beri itu yang
akan kembali kepada anda
B
. There are two types of additions in the example above. First, the phrase
„that law’ is interpreted in Bahasa Indonesia as „di dalam hukum itu’ literary, „in
that law ’. Here, it can be seen that there is a preposition, „di dalam’ literary,
„in’, added in the target expression which does not exist in the source expression. This addition may be considered by the interpreter that there is an implicit
meaning in the expression of „that law states’ in which what really states is not the
law but the former who made such law. Therefore, the interpreter tries to show what implicit in the source expression so it becomes explicit in the target
expression by amplifying the phrase „that law’ becoming „di dalam hukum itu’ literary, „in that law’ in the target expression.
Secondly, there is an addition required by grammatical restructuring in which the clause
“you shall receive again” is interpreted in Bahasa Indonesia as
“itu yang akan kembali kepada anda” literary, “that shall come back to you”.
Since the source expression which uses an active voice is changed into a passive voice in the target expression, in which there is no word functioning as an object
in the source expression, it is obligatory to add the words functioning as the object of the
predicate „shall receive’, in which the object must refer to the expression of “whatever you give out”. In this case, the interpreter uses the word „itu’ literary,
„that’ which refers to the expression of “whatever you give out”. Then, the last
example of additions is a combination of amplification from implicit to explicit status and connectives which is represented as follows.
Datum 125seg24141:42Add.4Add.6BB SE: But when we choose to love, the feelings
B
follow.
TE: Tetapi kalau kita memutuskan untuk mencintai, maka akhirnya
A
perasaan-perasaan yang enak
B
akan mengikuti. In this last example, there are two types of additions employed by
interpreter. First, there is a connective „maka akhirnya’ literary, „so then’ added
in the target expression. It connects the first clause “But when we choose to
love” to the second clause “the feelings follow”. It may be considered by the interpreter that the interpreting will be more communicative by adding such
connective between such two clauses. Secondly,
the phrase „the feelings’ is interpreted into Bahasa Indonesia as
„perasaan-perasaan yang enak’ literary, „the lovely feelings’. It can be seen
that the adjective „yang enak’ literary, „the lovely’ which does not exist in the
source expression is added in the target expression. Here, the interpreter aims to show what implicit in the source expression so then it becomes explicit in the
target expression. The reason why he can say that the feelings are good is that because the word „the feelings’ is related to the word „love’ in the expression of
“when we choose to love” so the meaning connection would be “when we choose
to love, the lovely feelings follow”