which a text in one language is re-contextualized in another language. ” This
definition implies that translation is a complex phenomenon.
b. Types of Translation
To know the definitions of translation in deeper explanations, it is necessary to know the types of translation. Firstly, Jakobson in Brower, 1959:
233 classifies three types of translation as follows. 1
Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.
2 Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of
verbal signs by means of some other language. 3
Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.
Meanwhile, Holmes in Venuti, 2000: 178-179 classifies „human
translation’ into two types: interpretingoral translation and written translation. Further, by developing Jakobson
’s translation classification in Brower, 1959: 233, Gottlieb 2005: 3 classifies translation into several types based on
two main aspects. Firstly, based on semiotic identity or non-identity, translation is classified into: intrasemiotic and intersemiotic types of translation. Secondly,
based on the possible change in semiotic composition, translation is classified into: a isosemiotic using the same channels of expression as the source
text, b diasemiotic using different channels, c supersemiotic using more channels, or d hyposemiotic using fewer channels than the original text.
c. Process of Translation
Nida and Taber 1982: 33 states that process of translation consists of three stages: 1 analysis, 2 transfer, and 3 restructuring. The phases can be
illustrated in a diagram as follows.
Figure 1 illustrates the process of translation from source language SL into receptor language RL through three stages. Firstly, the translator must
analyze the message from language A Source Language in order to understand the grammatical relationship, the meanings of words, and combinations of words.
Secondly, the translator transfers the analyzed messages, in hisher mind, from language A Source Language into language B Receptor Language. Thirdly, the
translator restructures the transferred messages into the final messages which are fully acceptable in the receptor language RL.
2. Interpreting
Before written language was invented, ancient people had already used spoken language to communicate with each other. In a wide sense, spokenoral
translation is also known as interpreting. However, interpreting may not always
Figure 1. Process of Translation Nida and Taber, 1982: 33
Transfer Analysis
X
Y
Restructuring
A Source Language B Receptor Language
