Alterations Alt Description of the Techniques
2 Clause and Sentence Structure
It is a type of alterations in which there are shifts from hypotactic to paratactic formations, shifts from questions to statements, changes from indirect
discourse to direct, or vice versa. This research found that, from 180 data, this type is used by the interpreter in 4 data or 2.22. The first example is presented
as follows. Datum 029seg4007:19Alt.3AA
SE: And I asked if I could feed the baby.
TE: Jadi saya bertanya,
“Bagaimana kalau saya lah yang memberi susu?
”
[So, I asked , “What if I am giving the milk?”]
In this example, the source expression is a declarative sentence, whereas the target expression is an interrogative sentence. There is a shift from a statement
to a question. Besides, there is a change from indirect discourse to direct in which the source expression uses an indirect discourse, whereas the target expression
uses direct discourse. Another example is presented as follows. Datum 077seg13023:50Alt.3BB
SE:
What’s my next question? TE: Jadi, pertanyaan saya yang berikut adalah.
[So, my next question is.] While the first example shows the shift from a statement to a question, this
second example shows vice versa. Here, the source expression is an interrogative sentence
indicated by the word „what’ in the beginning of the sentence, whereas
the target expression is a declarative sentence. The shift is from a question to a statement. Another similar example is shown as follows.
Datum 145seg28850:55Alt.3BB
SE: Can you play a musical instrument? TE: Belajar me..musik, alat music..instrumen.
[Learning a..music, musical instrument.]
Similar to the second example, the third example also shows the shift a question to a statement in which the source expression is an interrogative sentence
indicated by the modal „can’ in the beginning of the sentence, whereas the target expression is a declarative sentence.
3 Semantic Problems Involving Single Words
It is a type of alterations in which there is a shift within word hierarchical ranks, whether from a lower hierarchical rank sometimes plus qualifiers to a
higher hierarchical rank or vice versa. This type also uses descriptive equivalents as “deliberate attempts to produce satisfactory equivalents for objects, events,
attributes, and relationals for which no regular term exist in the receptor language” Nida, 1964: 237. This research found that the interpreter frequently uses this
type of alterations enough, in which from 180 data, it takes up 15 data or 8.33. The first example is shown as follows.
Datum 015seg1902:56Alt.4AA SE: He did
a wonderful thing when He gave mankind a choice.
TE: Dia memberikan sesuatu yang indah kepada manusia ketika Dia
memberikan kepadanya kemampuan untuk bisa memilih.
In this example, th e word „choice’ is interpreted in Bahasa Indonesia as
„kemampuan untuk bisa memilih’ literary, „the ability of choosing’. This case is quite problematic since there is no corresponding word for the word „choice’
which means „an act of choosing’ in Bahasa Indonesia. Accordingly, the interpreter uses a descriptive equivalent to produce a satisfactory equivalent for
the word „choice’ in which it is described in Bahasa Indonesia as „kemampuan untuk bisa memilih
’ literary, „the ability of choosing’. Although „the ability of choosing’ is slightly different from „an act of choosing’, both meanings are
essentially the same in which the meaning of „the ability’ can, in this case, be
described as „the physical or mental power needed to act’. Another example is
presented as follows. Datum 151seg30253:46Alt.4AB
SE: In that way, we can rewire our brain. TE: Dengan demikian maka kita bisa mengganti lagi akan corak
daripada otak kita. In this example, the word „rewire’ is interpreted in Bahasa Indonesia as
„mengganti lagi akan corak’ literary, „to regenerate the motif’. Similar to the first example, the problem here is that there is no existing word in Bahasa
Indonesia which corresponds to the word „rewire’. The term „rewire’ is usually
used in engineering in which, based on Cambridg e Learner’s Dictionary, it means
“to put a new system of electric wires into a building or machine.” Although there is a correlation between this definition and the context
in terms of „to put a new system’, it is different in terms of „electric wires’ which is putted into „a building
or machine’. In other hand, Nate Kornell 2011 gives a definition of the term „to rewire you
brain’ in an article on „Psychology Today’, entitled „It “Rewires Your Brain
?” Think Again’. In this article, he says that if your brain is rewired, it means that “connections between neurons in your brain are changing.” In other words,
„to rewire’ means „to change the neurons’. It may quite correspond to what the speaker says in some previous segments. She says that
“our brain has the ability to grow a new dendrite
till a day we die” and then “extra dendrites on the cells we have can compensate for the loss of other cells.
” Based on what she defines, it can be said that „to rewire’ means „to regenerate the cells’. In this case, the interpreter
tries to describe the term „rewire’ by the term „mengganti lagi akan corak’
literary, „to regenerate the motif’. Although the meanings of the terms „to regenerate the cells’ and „to regenerate the motif’ are not totally the same, at least,
that is the way the interpreter conveys the meaning of the term „rewire’. The last
example of alterations in terms of semantic problems involving single words is presented as follows.
Datum 154seg30754:46Alt.4BB SE: So
what’s the wonderful shrinking scenario? TE: Jadi, bagaimanakah kalau dia mengecil tetapi baik?
In this last example, the expression
“…what’s the wonderful shrinking scenario
” is interpreted in Bahasa Indonesia as “…bagaimanakah kalau dia mengecil tetapi baik
” literary, “…what if it shrinks but it is good”. Here, it can
be seen that the interpreter uses the word „kalau’ literary, „if’ to replace the word
„scenario’ in which both words represent the same idea in terms of possibilities.
Consequently, he replaces the phrase “the wonderful shrinking scenario” with the
description “kalau dia mengecil tetapi baik” literary, “if it shrinks but it is
good ”.
Actually, the word „scenario’ can efficiently be represented in Bahasa
Indonesia by, for example, using the word „contoh’ literary, „example’ or the
word „ilustrasi’ literary, „illustration’. For example, the phrase “the wonderful
shrinking scenario ” can be represented in Bahasa Indonesia as the phrase “contoh
pengecilan yang sangat bagus
” literary, “the wonderful shrinking example”,
and likewise the word „ilustrasi’ literary, „illustration’. It can be seen in this example that source expression is in a phrase and the target expression is in a
phrase too. However, since the time for the interpreter analyzing is limited, he may do not yet found any efficient expression representing the expression
„the wonderful shrinking scenario’ so he may consider that it is better to make a
description of such phrase. 4
Semantic Problems Involving Exocentric Expressions In this type, an alteration is chosen to convey an exocentric expression in
which the form of the source expression can be very different from the form of the target expression. This type is commonly used in rendering some idiomatic
expressions in which every language has their own way to idiomatically express the same idea. This type is
the alterations’ type most frequently used separately by the interpreter in which, from 180 data, it takes up 15 data or 8.33. The first
example of this type is presented as follows.
Datum 034seg4608:12Alt.5AB
SE: I got my head away
A1
for one minute, and then I turned it back
A2
.
TE: Saya tidak mau tengok kepadanya
A1
selama satu menit, baru saya kembali melihat
A2
. In this example, the expressions
“I got my head away…” and “…I turned it back
” are interpreted in Bahasa Indonesia as “Saya tidak mau tengok kepadanya
…” literary, “I don’t want to look at him” and “…saya kembali melihat
” literary, “I see again”. Here, it can be seen that both the source expressions and the target expressions are quite different in the form, but the ideas
are the same. Another example is shown as follows. Datum 108seg20435:52Alt.5AB
SE: Our role is to walk away and leave it with God
A
.
TE: Peran kita adalah tinggalkan dan biarlah Tuhan yang menghukum dia
A
. In this second example, the expression “…leave it with God” is interpreted
as “…biarlah Tuhan yang menghukumnya” literary, “let God punishes himher”. The expression
“…leave it with God” can be misleading if it is literary rendered to the target expression since it is not clearly stated whether God will do
something good or bad to „it’. To avoid such ambiguity, the interpreter changes
the point of view of the source expression in which the change shows what God will do to „it’. Here, the interpreter shows, in their interpreting, that God will
punish „herhim’. The question may arise then is that how the interpreter can
know what God will do and how the word „it’ can be changed to the word
„herhim’. Accordingly, it is needed to understand the context so it can be known what God will do
to „it’ in which the context is that if somebody is hurt by somebody else, it is said that it is better not to punish herhim but to walk away
and to leave „it’ with God. From here, it can be known that what the pronoun „it’
means here is everything which makes hurt in which everybody believes that God will do to people the same as what people do to others. The last example of
alterations in terms of semantic problems involving exocentric expression is presented as follows.
Datum 178seg35163:11Alt.5AB
SE: Would enable you to have a brain that gets smarter with age.
TE: Akan menye… menghasilkan bagi anda sekalian suatu otak yang
semakin tua, semakin cerdas .
In this last example, the expression “…gets smarter with age” is
interpreted in Bahasa Indonesia as “…semakin tua, semakin cerdas” literary,
“…getting older, getting smarter”. Here, it can be seen that both the source and the target expressions have some similar elements such as the word
„smarter’ and the word „age’, but it is different in the way both languages express. If the source
expression is literary rendered to the target expression, it would seem unnatural. 5
Combination of Alterations’ Types There is a moment in which to employ only one type of alterations, within
a sentence, is not enough. In the seminar, it is found that from 180 data, the interpreter
once uses a combination of alterations’ types, or 0.55. The
combination here is between clause and sentence structure and semantic problems involving single words which are shown in the following example.
Datum 003seg300:29Alt.3Alt.4BB SE: Tonight
we’re going to
A
be going to headquarters
B
, which is the brain.
TE: Pada malam hari ini marilah kita
A
mengunjungi akan pusat, kantor pusat kita
B
yaitu otak. First, in terms of clause and sentence structure,
the expression “…we’re going to…” is interpreted as “…marilah kita…” literary, “…let us…”. This
alteration is actually optional since there is another expression in Bahasa Indonesia which can be used, without changing the structure, such as an
expression “…kita akan…” literary, “…wer’re going to…”. The reason why the interpreter
employs this alterations’ type is because he may consider that it is important to use the expression “…marilah kita…” literary, “…let us…” in the
seminar to make the message more communicative in which the audience would feel invited by this way.
Second, in terms of semantic problems involving single words, the phrase „headquarters’ is interpreted in Bahasa Indonesia as „pusat, kantor pusat kita’
literary, „the main, our main offices’. Here, it can be seen that the interpreter
have a difficulty to interpret the word „headquarters’ in which, according to Cambridge Advance Learners Dictionary
, it means “the main offices of an organization such as the army, police or a business company
.”
d. Additions + Subtractions Add+Sub
There are some conditions in which the interpreter employs two techniques within a sentence. Here, the interpreter uses additions and subtractions within a
sentence in which, from 180 data, this combination is found in 20 data or 11.11. The first example of this combination, which can be seen on datum
062seg9116:49Add.4Sub.2BB, is presented as follows.
SE: Caffeine
A
causes a disruption of neurotransmitter
B
.
TE: Dia
A
membuat gangguan daripada neurotransmitter atau zat penghantar listrik syaraf
B
. In this example, the interpreter firstly employs subtractions and secondly
employs additions. Firstly, in terms of subtractions, the word „caffeine’ is
interpreted in Bahasa Indonesia as „dia’ literary, „it’. Here, it can be seen that the
interpreter makes the subject „caffeine’ more implicit by using the pronoun „dia’ literary, „it’ in Bahasa Indonesia for the subject „caffeine’ in the source
expression. Secondly, in terms of additions,
the term „neurotransmitter’ is interpreted as
„neurotransmitter atau zat penghantar listrik syaraf’ literary, „neurotransmitter or the substance carrying electricity to the nerves’. It can be
seen that the addition here is in terms of amplification from implicit to explicit status in which the audience would not understand what means by the terms
„neurotransmitter’ unless it is explicated by adding the definition of such terms in detail.
Another example of additions + subtractions, which can be seen on datum 064seg9717:36Add.4Sub.4AA, is presented as follows.
SE: And
A
when the brain cell dies, it’s gone
B
.
TE: Kalau sel syaraf itu mati, sudah tidak ada lagi penggantinya
B
. In this example, the interpreter firstly employs subtractions and then
followed by additions. Firstly, while the subtraction employed in the first example is in terms of specification of reference, in this example the subtraction is in terms
of transitional. Here, the transitional „and’ in the source expression is omitted in
the target expression. The interpreter may consider that to omit such transitional is allowed since the function of transitionals is just to mark one segment or sentence
to another. Secondly, similar to the first example, the addition here is in terms of
amplification from implicit to explicit status. It can be seen that the expression “…it’s gone” is interpreted in Bahasa Indonesia as “…sudah tidak ada lagi
penggantinya ” literary, “…there’s not anymore substitution for it”. In the
target text, it is explicated that if the brain cell dies, it is gone, which means that there is not anymore substitution for that brain cell.
The last example of additions + subtractions, which can be seen on datum 158seg31756:48Add.7Sub.3AB, is presented as follows.
SE: One is faith
A1
and
B
one is fear
A2
.
TE: Yang satu adalah iman, percaya
A1
, yang satu adalah ketakutan, gusar, kuatir
A2
.
In this example, the interpreter firstly employs additions and secondly subtractions. Firstly, the additions here are in terms of doublet in which one word
in the source expression is rendered twice or more in the target expression. It can be seen fro
m the word „faith’ which is rendered in the target expression as „iman, percaya
’ literary, „faith, belief’. It can also be seen from the word „fear’ which rendered in the target expression as „ketakutan, gusar, kuatir’ literary, „fear,
angry, worried ’. Here, the word „gusar’ literary, „angry’ is included as doublet
because it is considered as one of expressions while people feel fear or worried. Secondly, in terms of subtractions, the word „and’, functioning as a
conjunction, in the source expression is omitted in the target expression. The interpreter may consider that such conjunction here is not too important since the
function is to connect one unit to another. Also, some additions may make the interpreter omit such conjunction to avoid producing a too long expression.
e. Additions + Alterations Add+Alt
While the previous combination is between additions and subtractions, the combination here is between additions and alterations. It is found that from 180
data, the interpreter uses it in 14 data or 7.78. There are various conditions requiring the interpreter to do such combinations which are severally shown in the
following examples. In this example, which can be seen on datum 065seg9817:44Add.2
Alt.1AB, the combination is between an alteration in terms of „categories’ and an
addition in terms of obligatory specification. The example and the explanation are presented as follows.
SE: It does not
A
regenerate
B
.
TE: Dia tidak akan
A
menghasilkan dirinya kembali
B
. Firstly, the alteration in terms of categories can be seen from the source
expression
“It does not…” which is rendered in the target expression as “Dia tidak akan
…” literary, “It will not…”. The change is from present tense to
future in which the source expression uses present tense but the target expression uses future tense.
Secondly, the addition in terms of obligatory specification can be seen from
the word „regenerate’ which is rendered in Bahasa Indonesia as
„menghasilkan dirinya kembali’ literary, „regenerate itself’. The word „dirinya’
literary, „itself’ is added in the target expression to make it more explicit. Another example, which can be seen on datum 005seg500:46Add.4
Alt.2AB, is presenting a combination of an alteration in terms of word classes and an addition in terms of amplification from implicit to explicit status. The
example and the explanations are presented as follows.
SE: And on the other hand, if the body is not working well
A
, infects the brain.
TE: Dan juga sebaliknya, kalau tubuh itu tidak baik pekerjaannya
A
maka ia akan
B
mempengaruhi otak. Firstly, the alteration in terms of word classes can be seen from the source
expression “…not working well…” which rendered in the target expression as “…tidak baik pekerjaannya…” literary, “…not good in its work”. The English