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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Theoretical Review
In this section, there are various explanations which are formulated in several topics. Firstly, it explains translation in general. Secondly, it explains
interpreting as a form of translation in which it is the type of the data source. Thirdly, it explains equivalence in translation as the basic orientation in
translation. Fourthly, it explains the „Techniques of Adjustment’ as the techniques
in which the researcher focuses on. Fifthly, it reviews some translation and interpreting quality assessments. Sixthly, it briefly shows some information about
the seminar. Lastly, it reviews some related studies.
1. Translation
The activity of translations has been used since ancient times by humans for communication, from one to each other who have different languages. The
condition of having difficulties to understand each other ’s languages is considered
to be the cause of humans doing translation activities as the alternatives. The idea about translation could refer to wide senses since
one person’s perspective may be different from other person’s perspectives in order to see translation, whether they
are from experts in such field or not. Therefore, to gain deeper explanations and better understanding about translation, what must be known first is to know the
notion of translation and then the types of translation as follows.
a. Notions of Translation
Notions of translation have wide senses depending to whose perspective it refers. The notions of translation would be presented by involving some
definitions from various experts in translation field as follows. Firstly, Catford 1965: 20 defines translation as
“the replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another
language TL. Similarly, Nida and Taber 1982: 208 define translation as “the
reproduction in a receptor language of the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style.” Then,
Brislin 1976: 1 defines translation as: the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language source to
another target, whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such
standardization; or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf.
Here, it can be seen that translation can be in several forms, including:
written translation, interpreting, and sign-language interpreting. Then, Bell 1991: 13 defines translation into three distinct meanings:
1 translating: the process to translate; the activity rather than the tangible
object; 2
a translation: the product of the process of translating i.e. the translated text; and
3 translation: the abstract concept which encompassed both the process
of translating and the product of that process. Here,
the terms „translation’ may refer to: the process translating, the product a translation, and the abstract concept translation. Meanwhile, House
2015: 2 defines translation as “the result of a linguistic-textual operation in
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