the sentence; while in the TE, the adverb is placed in the beginning of the sentence. In this research this type of alteration is not included for analysis since it
considered to be not significant in changing the meaning which means that it is commonly used in interpreting.
5 Clause and Sentence Structures
There are at least two conditions in which a translator or interpreter is
allowed to do some alterations. Those two conditions are as follows.
a
Shift from Question to Statement
Here, the alteration can be from question to statement or vice versa. The example is presented as follows.
SE: Can you sing me a love song? TE: Aku ingin kamu menyanyikan aku sebuah lagu cinta.
[I want you to sing me a love song]
The SE is a question indicated by the words „Can you’, in the first
sentence, in which the speaker’s purpose is to ask, for example, a singer to sing a
love song. In this case, the speaker actually knows that the person she asks is able to sing so the question is categories as a request. Since the translator or interpreter
knows that the speaker’s purpose is actually to request, the question form in the SE is changed into a statement form in the TE. Clearly, the words
„Can you’ in the SE
is changed into „Aku ingin kamu’ which in English means „I want you to’. b
Change Indirect Discourse to Direct Here, the alteration can be from indirect discourse or vice versa. The
example is presented as follows.
SE: She said that she didn’t love me anymore.
TE: Dia bilang, “aku udah enggak cinta sama kamu lagi.”
[ She said, “I don’t love you anymore.”]
In the example above, the change is from indirect discourse to direct in which the SE is indirect discourse whereas the TE is direct discourse. In written
translation, the distinction can clearly be seen from the use of quotation mark. In interpreting, however, there is no quotation mark so the distinction can only be
seen by comparing the sentences ’ constructions of the SE and the TE. In the SE,
the speaker uses the word „she’ and „me’ to call the subjects, whereas in the TE, the speaker uses the word „aku’ „I’ and „kamu’ „you’ to call the subjects.
6 Semantic Problems Involving Single Words
This situation occurs when there is a shift within word levels, whether from a lower to higher level sometimes plus qualifiers or vice versa Nida, 1964:
236. It corresponds to Catford’s „level shifts’ 1965: 73 which means that “SL
item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level. ”
The example is presented as follows.
SE: He is my uncle. TE: Dia pakde saya.
In this example above, the word „uncle’ is interpreted as „pakde’ which in
English means „an older brother or older cousin of the someone’s parent’. It
changes from the lower level „uncle’ into higher level „pakde’. In this research,
however, this type of alterations is not included for analysis since the focus of this research is in the level of sentence.
7 Semantic Problems Involving Exocentric Expressions
Considering that every language has their own way to express an idiom, some translator or interpreter can alter an expression into a different expression or
the way they express. The example is presented as follows. SE: Beauty is only skin deep.
TE: Jangan menilai seseorang hanya dari penampilannya saja. [Do
n’t judge people just from their appearance.] In the example above, the TE looks very different from the SE. The
expression “beauty is only skin deep” in the SE is changed into “jangan menilai seseorang hanya dari penampilannya saja
” in the TE which in English means “don’t judge people just from their appearance.” Although both expressions look
different, they have still the same purpose which is to show that a person’s
character is more important than how they look.
5. Translation and Interpreting Quality Assessment
When talking about translation, “What is a good translation product?” is
going to be a significant question arising House, 1981: 127. Every expert in Translation may have herhis different point of view in assessing the translation
quality. Carroll 1966: 56 suggests two general criteria for assessing translation quality, which are:
„intelligibility’ and „informativeness’. A translation can be considered intelligible if
it as far as possible “read like normal, well-edited prose and be readily understandable” as the original Carroll, 1966: 57. Here, the
translation is rated from 1 to 9 where 1 one indicates hopelessly unintelligible
and 9 nine indicates perfectly intelligible. Then, i n terms of „informativeness’,
the assessment is to judge the fidelity or accuracy of a translation , in which “the
translation should as little as possible twist, distort, or controvert the meaning intended by the original” Carroll, 1966: 57. Here, the translation is rated from 0
to 9 where 1 one indicates „not informative at all’ and 9 nine indicates
„extremely informative’ while 0 zero indicates that the original contains less informative than the translation.
Both „intelligibility’ and „informativeness’ are conceptually separate in which he argues that a translation may: 1 sound
perfectly natural in terms of intelligible but distort the original meaning in terms of informativeness or 2 it may be maximally unintelligible but minimally
distorting the original meaning; here, neither of these two alternatives can be said as a good translation 1966: 57.
Further, according to Larson 1998: 529, there are three main elements for assessing the translation quality, including: accuracy, clarity, and naturalness. A
translation is considered accurate if there is no meaning distortion or deletion so the content of the message in the source text is completely conveyed to the target
text. Then, in terms of clarity, the requirement is that the translation should be easy to be understood by the readers. And then, the translation is considered
natural if it does not sound like a translation. Similarly, Nababan, Nuraeni, and Sumardiono 2012: 44, mention three criteria which must be included for
assessing translation quality, which are: accuracy, acceptability, readability. Each criterion is rated from 1 to 3 where 1 one indicates low quality, 2 two indicates
medium, and 3 three indicates high quality.
While the quality criteria previously reviewed are mainly applied for assessing the translating quality, now it will review some quality criteria for
assessing the interpreting quality. Firstly, Gile cited by Kurz, 1993: 15 uses six criteria for assessing the interpreting quality, including: 1 general quality of
interpretation, 2 linguistic output quality, 3 terminology usage, 4 fidelity, 5 quality voice and delivery, and 6 main deficiencies in interpretation. Each
criterion is assessed based on a five-point scale. Then, Kurz 1993: 15 mentions eight criteria for assessing the interpreting quality, including: 1 native accent, 2
pleasant voice, 3 fluency of delivery, 4 logical cohesion of utterance, 5 sense consistency with original message, 6 completeness of interpretation, 7 correct
grammatical usage. Each criterion is assessed based on a four-point scale. In other side, Tiselius in Angelelli and Jacobson, 2009: 101 adapts
Caroll’s 1966: 58 scales for assessing the interpreting quality, in terms of „intelligibility’ and „informativeness’. While the „intelligibility’ is originally rated
from 1 to 9 and the „informativeness’ is originally rated from 0 to 9; in Tiselius
version, the intelligibility’ is originally rated from 1 to 6 and the „informativeness’
is originally rated from 0 to 6.
6. About the Seminar
Rewiring the Brain is the thirteenth session of Seminiar Kesehatan Seminar of Health held on September 3-8, 2012. It is a bilingual seminar in
which the speaker is speaking in English and then the interpreter is transferring
what she has spoken, segment by segment, into Bahasa Indonesia. Therefore, this interpreting activity in this seminar is classified as short consecutive interpreting.
a. The Speaker
The name of the speaker in this seminar is Barbara O’Neil, a qualified
naturopath and nutritionist. She is the health director of the Misty Mountain Health Retreat, located in the Macleay Valley west of Kempsey. She is also an
international speaker on natural self-healing.
b. The Interpreter
The name of the interpreter in this seminar is Dr. Reuben Supit, the CEOPresident at Bandar Lampung Adventist Hospital. He also has many skills
and expertise in many fields such as wellness, healing, humanitarian assistance, capacity building, etc.
7. Related Studies
There are some other studies which are related to this research. Firstly, Isdiati Agustriani in 2011 wrote a thesis entitled A Translation Analysis of
Exclamatory Sentences Based on the Techniques of Adjustment in the Novel of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows into Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian.
The objectives of her research are: 1 to illustrate the adjustment techniques used by the translator to translate the exclamatory sentences in Harry Potter and the
Death Hollows into Bahasa Indonesia; 2 to illustrate the purposes of using such techniques; and 3 to illustrate the effects of such techniques to the degree of
accuracy and acceptability. Her research can be related to this current research in
