intrasemiotic and intersemiotic types of translation. Fist, intrasemiotic translation is the translation between two identical sign systems, for example, from written
into written, spoken into spoken, spoken into written or vice versa, in which both source text and target text are using verbal signs. Second, intersemiotic
translation, is the translation between verbal signs into non-verbal signs. For example, the written language may be interpreted into music, painting, or
emoticon. While the terms „intersemiotic translation’ is directly borrowed by Gottlieb from Jakobson in Brower 1959: 233, the terms „intrasemiotic
translation’ is used as an umbrella terms for Jakobson’ intralingual and interlingual translations.
Secondly, based on the possible change in semiotic composition, translation is classified into for types, including: isosemiotic, diasemiotic,
supersemiotic, and hyposemiotic. Fist, in isosemiotic, both source text and target text use the same channel, for example, written text transferred into written text
such as in translating or spoken text transferred into spoken text such as in interpreting. This type of translation covers both monosemiotic text such as
interpreting and polysemiotic text such as dubbing. Second, in diasemiotic, the source text and target text use different channels, for example, from spoken text
into written text such as in subtitling or vice versa. Third, in supersemiotic, the target text uses more semiotic channels than the source text, for example, a novel
transferred into a film. Last, hyposemiotic, it is the opposite of the supersemiotic translation, in which the target text uses fewer channels than the original.
3. Interpreting Definition
The interpreting definition used in this research is from Pöchhacker 2004: 11 who states:
“Interpreting is a form of Translation in which a first and final rendition in another language
is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation
of an utterance in a source language.” Since interpreting is defined as a form of Translation, it means that interpreting can be analyzed using
translation analysis in terms of text.
4. Interpreting Classification
The interpreting classification used in this research is from Alzahran 2007: 16-25 who classifies interpreting based on the criteria of mode, setting,
directionality, and language modality. Firstly, based the mode, interpreting is classified into four types: consecutive, simultaneous, whispered interpreting, and
sight translating. Secondly, based on the setting, interpreting is classified into six types: community, conference, court, escort, media, and remote interpreting.
Thirdly, based on the directionality, interpreting is classified into three types: bilateral, retour, and relay interpreting. Lastly, based on the language modality,
interpreting is classified into two types: spoken-language interpreting and sign- language interpreting.
Since what this research focuses is to analyze the text based on mode, in which based on mode the data are classified as consecutive interpreting, the
further explanation is about consecutive interpreting.
5. Consecutive Interpreting
The definition of consecutive interpreting in this research is from Christoffels and de Groot in Kroll and de Groot, 2005: 455 who state that in
consecutive interpreting, the interpreter “starts to interpret when the speaker stops speaking, either in breaks in the source speech
… or after the entire speech is finished
.” Consecutive interpreting is classified into two types, which are: „classic’
consecutive and „short’ consecutive Pöchhacker, 2004: 18. The first type, „classic’ consecutive, requires a long time enough for every segment; the second
type, „short’ consecutive, requires not more than one minute but several seconds, in which the interpreter is not too required to take notes. To describe the
differences between „classic’ consecutive and „short’ consecutive, the diagram presented is as follows.
6. Techniques of Adjustment
This research focuses on analyzing and describing the techniques of adjustment, which is proposed by Nida, 1964: 226-238, employed by the
interpreter. While the techniques of adjustment in translating consist of: additions, subtractions, alterations, and footnotes, in this research footnotes is not included
„Classic’ Consecutive Note Taking
„Short’ Consecutive
Figure 3. Note-Taking for Consecutive Interpreting
