Types of Address Terms in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk and Their Translation in The Dancer

translation which appears 31 times 15.27. The third strategy is generalization with 29 data 14.29. The fourth strategy that is used by the translator is modulation with 26 data 12.81. Then, it is followed by borrowing with 19 data 9.36 and particularisation which appears 14 times 6.90. Next, there is amplification which appears 10 times 4.93. It is followed by compensation strategy with 9 data 4.43 and adaptation strategy with 5 data 2.46. Furthermore, there are two strategies that are on the lowest number namely calque and description with 1 datum. Those strategies have the same percentage number around 0.49. There are four strategies proposed by Guerra that are not used by the translator in translating the address terms. They are equivalence, substitution, transposition, and variation. Those strategies are not chosen by the translator since they are not appropriate to translate such address terms. Equivalence is used to translate formulaic language such as idiom, collocation, proverb, etc. Generally, the address terms are not found in the form of formulaic language. Substitution is used to replace linguistic elements into paralinguistic elements, the aspects of spoken communication which do not employ words, such as intonation and gestures. In fact, the address terms in the source language are not replaced by paralinguistic elements. Transposition is applied in changing grammatical category or replacing one part of the speech for another, without changing the meaning of the message. Meanwhile, the address terms are always in the form of noun. Variation is applied in changing elements that affect several aspects of linguistic variation such as tone, style, social dialect and geographical dialect. It can be seen that the translator transfers the meaning aspect of the address terms not their aspects of linguistic variation since they are presented in the written form. 3. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of the Translation of Address Terms in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk and Their Translation in The Dancer The degree of meaning equivalence is divided into four criteria based on Bell’s theory. They are fully equivalent, partly equivalent, different meaning, and no meaning. The degree of meaning equivalence is used to assess the accuracy in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk by Ahmad Tohari translated into The Dancer by Rene T. A. Lysloff. Table 9 below shows the frequency and the percentage of the degree of meaning equivalence. Table 9. Data Findings of Degree of Meaning Equivalence of the Translation of Address Terms in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk and Their Translation in The Dancer No. Degree of Meaning Equivalence Frequency Percentage

1. Fully Equivalent

59 29.06

2. Partly Equivalent

83 40.89

3. Different Meaning

14 6.90

4. No Meaning

47 23.15 Summary 203 100 Based on Table 9, from 203 data, the translation of address terms in The Dancer is mostly partly equivalent with 83 data 40.89. It is followed by fully equivalent with 59 data 29.06 and no meaning with 47 data 23.15. The lowest number of frequency is different meaning with 14 data 6.90. 4. The Relation of the Types, the Translation Strategies, and the Degree of Meaning Equivalence This part presents the additional finding in this research. This finding shows the relationship between the three formulated problems of the research which are the types of address terms found in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk and their translation in The Dancer, the translation strategies employed in translating the address terms in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk, and the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of the address terms in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk and their translation in The Dancer. Table 10. The Relation of the Types, the Translation Strategies, and the Degree of Meaning Equivalence Translation Strategies T yp es of Ad d re ss T er m s Pe rs on al Nam es K in sh ip T er m s T it le s T er m s of In ti m ac y Pr on ou n s O cc u p at ion al T er m s T ot al Adaptation 4 5 3 4 1 5 2 1 Borrowing 4 12 1 3 3 19 19 3 2 1 Calque 4 1 1 1 3 2 1 Compensation 4 1 1 9 3 1 5 6 2 2 2 1 Omission 4 58 3 1 10 11 2 1 4 4 26 4 8 1 47 Description 4 1 3 1 1 2 1 Amplification 4 1 1 3 5 10 3 1 3 1 5 2 1 Generalization 4 1 2 3 29 3 1 5 12 5 3 26 2 1 Literal Translation 4 8 9 1 5 23 31 3 6 2 8 2 1 Modulation 4 1 1 2 26 3 1 12 13 2 1 2 8 11 1 Particularisation 4 2 2 1 5 14 3 2 4 2 8 2 1 1 1 Total 18 33 102 7 36 7 203 203 As seen in Table 10, the relation between the types, the translation strategies, and the degree of meaning equivalence can be drawn as the following. a. Titles are the most frequent type of address term that appears in the novel. It is because the characters in the novel have various conditions such as age, gender, and social class. They use titles to show respect from their different conditions,