Related Studies Literature Review
specific address term to address the interlocutor and used as attention getters or greetings.
This research adopts the translation strategies by Ana Fernandez Guerra. There are fifteen strategies proposed by Guerra. They are adaptation, borrowing,
calque, compensation,
omission, description,
equivalence, amplification,
generalization, literal translation, modulation, particularisation, substitution, transposition, and variation.
Adaptation is a strategy to replace the source language culture in the target language culture. Borrowing is a strategy in which a word is taken straightly from the
source language. Calque is a strategy that can be described as a literal translation either lexical or structural of a foreign word or phrase. Compensation is a strategy
of introducing a source language element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the target language. Omission occurs when the translator omits or reduces a
source language information in the target language. Description is a strategy of replacing a word by using a description of its form
or function without maintaining the original term. Equivalence refers to a strategy that describes the same situation by using completely different stylistic or structural
methods for producing equivalent texts. Amplification is a strategy of introducing details that are not mentioned in the source language. Generalization is a strategy of
replacing a word in the source language by a more general word in the target language. Literal translation is a strategy that occurs when a word or a phrase in the
source language is translated directly into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target language.
Modulation is a strategy of changing point of view of the source language in the target language but still conveying the same idea. Particularisation is a strategy
when the translator uses more specific, precise, or concrete word in the target language. Linguistic
– paralinguistic substitution is the replacement of linguistic elements into paralinguistic elements, such as intonation and gestures, or vice versa.
Transposition is a strategy that changing grammatical category or replacing one part of the speech for another, without changing the meaning of the message. Variation is
a strategy in which the translator changes elements such as tone, style, social dialect and geographical dialect that affect several aspects of linguistic variation.
Then, this research adopts the notion of meaning equivalence from Bell. It is said that text in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees. Meaning
equivalence is divided into equivalent meaning and non equivalent meaning. Equivalent meaning consists of fully equivalent and partly equivalent while non
equivalent meaning consists of different meaning and no meaning. Fully equivalent meaning occurs when the message of the source language is
fully translated into the target language. The message is not added or omitted. Meanwhile, partly equivalent meaning occurs when the message of the source
language is changed by adding or omitting some information in the target language. The source language is not fully translated into the target language.
Different meaning occurs when the meaning of the target language is differently translated from the source language. Furthermore, no meaning occurs
when one or some words are omitted so that the target language loses the information content of the source language.