Calque Compensation Omission Description Generalization Literal Translation Modulation Particularisation
1 Omission
4 58
3 1
10 11
2 1
4 4
26 4
8 1
47 Description
4 1
3 1
1 2
1 Amplification
4 1
1 3
5 10
3 1
3 1
5 2
1 Generalization
4 1
2 3
29 3
1 5
12 5
3 26
2 1
Literal Translation
4 8
9 1
5 23
31 3
6 2
8 2
1 Modulation
4 1
1 2
26 3
1 12
13 2
1 2
8 11
1 Particularisation
4 2
2 1
5 14
3 2
4 2
8 2
1 1
1 Total
18 33
102 7
36 7
203 203
As seen in Table 10, the relation between the types, the translation strategies, and the degree of meaning equivalence can be drawn as the following.
a. Titles are the most frequent type of address term that appears in the novel. It is because the characters in the novel have various conditions such as age, gender,
and social class. They use titles to show respect from their different conditions,
for example a younger to an older, a man to a woman, and a higher class to a lower class and vice versa. In translating titles, omission, modulation, and
generalization are the most strategies used by the translator. b. Omission, literal translation, generalization, and modulation are the most frequent
strategies used by the translator in translating address terms in the novel. They are often used in translating title and kinship term. Omission results 47 no meaning
and 11 partly equivalent. Literal translation results 23 fully equivalent and 8 partly equivalent. Generalization results 3 fully equivalent and 26 partly
equivalent. Modulation results 2 fully equivalent, 13 partly equivalent, and 11 different meaning. The translator often uses them since the terms do not perform a
relevant function or may mislead the reader. Also, it is intended to avoid repetitions and the translator wants to use his style in translating the address terms
without changing the meaning. c. Calque and description are the lowest strategies used by the translator in
translating address terms in the novel. Both calque and description are used in translating 1 title. Calque is rarely used by the translator since there are
differences in grammatical structure between the source language and the target language so that it is better that the translator uses the fixed lexical and structural
of address terms in the target language. Description becomes the lowest strategy since address terms are presented in simple ways of words or phrases in
addressing people. In addition, using description strategy makes the translated expression less efficient.
d. The most frequent data with partly equivalent is found in generalization with 26 data. They are used in translating personal names with 1 datum, kinship terms
with 5 data, titles with 12 data, occupational terms with 3 data, and pronouns with 5 data. It is because the address terms are translated into more general terms
which make the information in the source language is not fully presented in the target language.
e. The most frequent data with different meaning is found in modulation with 11 data. They are used in translating kinship term 1 datum, title 2 data, and pronoun
with 8 data. It can be seen that transferring messages of address terms in different point of view results the same ideas but in different meaning.