m. Substitution Linguistic - Paralinguistic
Linguistic – paralinguistic substitution is the replacement of linguistic
elements into paralinguistic elements, such as intonation and gestures, or vice versa. For example,
the way the Arab putting their hand on their heart that means ‘thank you’.
n. Transposition
Transposition is a strategy of changing grammatical category or replacing one part of the speech for another, without changing the meaning of the message. It can
be said that it is related to the change in grammar of the source language into the target language. For instance,
the sentence “The notes of a distant song which
someone was singing reached her faintly. ” is translated into “Not not dari sebuah
lagu di kejauhan yang dinyanyikan seseorang sampai ketempatnya samar-samar. ”
The word distant is translated into kejauhan. There is a change from an adjective into a noun.
o. Variation
Variation is a strategy in which the translator changes elements such as tone, style, social dialect and geographical dialect that affect several aspects of linguistic
variation. For example, the translator changes in tone when adapting novels for children.
3. Address Terms
Address terms are generally defined as words and phrases used in a speech or a conversation for addressing.
Keshavarz 2001, in his article entitled
“The Role of Social Context, Intimacy, and Distance in the Choice of Forms of Address,
” states that address terms
are “linguistic forms that are used in addressing others
to attract their attention or for referring to them in the course of a conversation .”
They are also words or expressions used to indicate certain relations among people, or to
show the difference in identity, position, and social status. Address terms are included in sociolinguistics study. Sociolinguistics is
concerned with the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used,
Keshavarz 2001. It makes people use different style in different social
contexts. The social contexts connect with social status where social status will influence idiolect and terms to address interlocutors. In other words, address terms
reflect to the social relationship and also show power and distance between an addresser and an interlocutor. For this reason, the rule of addressing people is
different from one speaker to other speakers since they live in different places and cultures. For example, the way Javanese address someone is different from the way
Sundanese do. Addressing is different from greeting but addressing is often part of greeting.
According to Chaika 1982:46, stylistically there are two things that distinguish addressing and greeting. First, addressing is used by people to indicate power and
solidarity to other people, whereas greeting is used by two people depend on their
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