Saran HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Excerpt 2 of TABLO input file: Useful aggregates of the base data
Coefficient all,
c ,
COM all,
u ,
USER USE_S
c ,
u USE matrix, dom+imp together;
all, u
, USER
USE_CS u
Total user expenditure on goods ;
all, u
, USER
all, s
, SRC
USE_C s
, u
Expenditure by user u on total goods of source s ; all,
c ,
COM all,
s ,
SRC SALES
c ,
s Total value of sales ;
all, i
, IND
V1PRIM i
Wages plus profits ;
all, i
, IND
V1TOT i
Industry Costs ;
all, u
, HH
V3TOT_HH u
Total purchases by each households ; V3TOT
Total purchases by households ;
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
all, u
, HH
V3PUR c
, s
, u
Households purch. value ;
all, c
, COM
V0CIF c
Aggregate imports at border prices ;
Formula all,
c ,
COM all,
u ,
USER USE_S
c ,
u = sum{
s ,
SRC ,
USE c
, s
, u
}; all,
u ,
USER USE_CS
u = sum{
c ,
COM ,
USE_S c
, u
}; all,
u ,
USER all,
s ,
SRC USE_C
s ,
u = sum{
c ,
COM ,
USE c
, s
, u
}; all,
c ,
COM all,
s ,
SRC SALES
c ,
s = sum{
u ,
USER ,
USE c
, s
, u
}; all,
i ,
IND V1PRIM
i = sum{
f ,
FAC ,
FACTOR f
, i
}; all,
i ,
IND V1TOT
i =
V1PRIM i
+ sum{ c
, COM
, USE_S
c ,
i };
all, u
, HH
V3TOT_HH u
= sum{ c
, COM
, USE_S
c ,
u };
V3TOT = sum
u ,
HH ,
V3TOT_HH u
;
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
all, u
, HH
V3PUR c
, s
, u
= USE
c ,
s ,
u +
V3TAX c
, s
, u
;
all, c
, COM
V0CIF c
= SALES
c ,
impor -
V0MTX c
; Excerpt 3 of TABLO input file:
Total demands for commodities
Variable all,
c ,
COM all,
s ,
SRC all,
u ,
USER x
c ,
s ,
u Demand by user u for good c, source s ;
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
all, u
, HH
x3 c
, s
, u
Demand by household u for good c, source s ;
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
x0 c
, s
Total demand for good c, source s ;
Equation E_x0
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
SALES c
, s
x0 c
, s
= sum{ u
, USER
, USE
c ,
s ,
u x
c ,
s ,
u };
Excerpt 4 of TABLO input file: ImportDomestic sourcing decision for all non-export users
Variable all,
c ,
COM all,
s ,
SRC p
c ,
s User price of good c,source s ;
all, c
, COM
all, u
, IMPUSER
p_s c
, u
User price of composite good c ;
all, c
, COM
all, u
, HH
p3_s c
, u
Purchasers price household of composite good c ;
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
all, u
, HH
p3 c
, s
, u
Purchasers price, household ;
all, c
, COM
all, u
, IMPUSER
x_s c
, u
Use of composite good c ;
all, c
, COM
all, u
, HH
x3_s c
, u
Use household of composite good c ;
all, c
, COM
all, u
, HH
f3tax c
, u
shifter in power of taxes on Household usage;
Coefficient all,
c ,
COM SIGMA
c elasticity of substitution: domesticimported ;
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
all, u
, IMPUSER
SRCSHR c
, s
, u
impdom shares ;
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
all, u
, HH
SRCHH c
, s
, u
impdom household shares ;
all, c
, COM
all, u
, HH
V3PUR_S c
, u
Dom+imp households purch. value ;
Read
SIGMA
from file
BASEDATA
header
ARM ;
Formula all,
c ,
COM all,
u ,
HH V3PUR_S
c ,
u = sum{
s ,
SRC ,
V3PUR c
, s
, u
}; all,
c ,
COM all,
s ,
SRC all,
u ,
IMPUSER SRCSHR
c ,
s ,
u =
USE c
, s
, u
USE_S c
, u
;
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
all, u
, HH
SRCHH c
, s
, u
= V3PUR
c ,
s ,
u V3PUR_S
c ,
u ;
Equation
E_x
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
all, u
, IMPUSER
x c
, s
, u
= x_s
c ,
u -
SIGMA c
[ p
c ,
s -
p_s c
, u
]; Equation
E_x3
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
all, u
, HH
x3 c
, s
, u
= x3_s
c ,
u -
SIGMA c
[ p3
c ,
s ,
u -
p3_s c
, u
]; Equation
E_x3_s
all, c
, COM
all, u
, HH
x3_s c
, u
= sum{ s
, SRC
, x
c ,
s ,
u };
Equation E_p_s
all, c
, COM
all, u
, IMPUSER
p_s c
, u
= sum{ s
, SRC
, SRCSHR
c ,
s ,
u p
c ,
s };
Equation E_p3_s
all, c
, COM
all, u
, HH
p3_s c
, u
= sum{ s
, SRC
, SRCHH
c ,
s ,
u [
p3 c
, s
, u
]}; Equation
E_p3 Purchasers prices - households
all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
all, u
, HH
V3PUR c
, s
, u
p3 c
, s
, u
= [ V3PUR
c ,
s ,
u ][
p c
, s
+ f3tax
c ,
u ];
Excerpt 5 of TABLO input file: Demands for capital and labour
Variable all,
i ,
IND x1prim
i Industry demand for primary-factor composite ;
all, i
, IND
p1prim i
Price of primary factor composite ;
all, i
, IND
x1lab i
Employment by industry ; p1lab
Economy-wide wage rate ;
all, i
, IND
x1cap i
Current capital stock ;
all, i
, IND
p1cap i
Rental price of capital ;
Coefficient all,
i ,
IND SIGMA1PRIM
i CES substitution, primary factors ;
Read
SIGMA1PRIM
from file
BASEDATA
header
P028 ;
Equation E_x1lab
all, i
, IND
x1lab i
= x1prim
i -
SIGMA1PRIM i
[ p1lab
- p1prim
i ];
Equation E_x1cap
all, i
, IND
x1cap i
= x1prim
i -
SIGMA1PRIM i
[ p1cap
i -
p1prim i
]; Equation
E_p1prim
all, i
, IND
V1PRIM i
p1prim i
= FACTOR
Labour ,
i p1lab
+ FACTOR
Capital ,
i p1cap
i ;
Excerpt 6 of TABLO input file: Demands for composite inputs to production
Variable all,
i ,
IND x1tot
i Industry output ;
all, i
, IND
a1prim i
All primary-factor augmenting technical change ;
all, i
, IND
p1tot i
Unit cost of production ;
Equation E_x1
demand for commodity composites
all, c
, COM
all, i
, IND
x_s c
, i
= x1tot
i ;
Equation
E_x1prim demand for primary-factor composites
all, i
, IND
x1prim i
= a1prim
i +
x1tot i
;
Equation E_p1tot
cost of production = cost of all inputs
all, i
, IND
V1TOT i
[ p1tot
i +
x1tot i
] = sum{
c ,
COM ,sum{
s ,
SRC ,
USE c
, s
, i
[ p
c ,
s +
x c
, s
, i
]}} +
FACTOR Labour
, i
[ p1lab
+ x1lab
i ]
+ FACTOR
Capital ,
i [
p1cap i
+ x1cap
i ];
Excerpt 7_T of TABLO input file: Total household demands
Variable all,
u ,
HH w3tot_hh
u Nominal total consumption, each household ;
all, u
, HH
x3tot_hh u
Real total consumption, each household ;
all, u
, HH
p3tot_hh u
consumer price index, each household ; p3tot
Consumer price index ; x3tot
Real total household consumption ; w3tot
Nominal total household consumption ;
Equation
E_x3_hh
all, c
, COM
all, u
, HH
x_s c
, u
+ p_s
c ,
u =
w3tot_hh u
;
Equation E_x3tot_hh
Real consumption
all, u
, HH
V3TOT_HH u
x3tot_hh u
=
sum{ c
, COM
,sum{ s
, SRC
, V3PUR
c ,
s ,
u x3
c ,
s ,
u }};
Equation
E_p3tot_hh Consumer price index
all, u
, HH
V3TOT_HH u
p3tot_hh u
=
sum{ c
, COM
,sum{ s
, SRC
, V3PUR
c ,
s ,
u p3
c ,
s ,
u }};
Equation
E_w3tot_hh Household budget constraint
all, u
, HH
w3tot_hh u
= x3tot_hh
u +
p3tot_hh u
;
Equation
E_x3tot Real consumption
V3TOT x3tot
= sum{ u
, HH
, V3TOT_HH
u x3tot_hh
u };
Equation E_p3tot
Consumer price index V3TOT
p3tot = sum{
u ,
HH ,
V3TOT_HH u
p3tot_hh u
}; Equation
E_w3tot Household budget constraint
w3tot =
x3tot +
p3tot ;
Excerpt 8 of TABLO input file: Export demands
Variable all,
c ,
COM pworld
c World prices, measured in foreign currency ;
all, c
, COM
f4q c
Quantity shift in foreign demand ; phi
Exchange rate, local foreign ;
Coefficient all, c
, COM
EXP_ELAST c
Export demand elasticities ;
Read EXP_ELAST
from file BASEDATA
header P018
;
Equation E_x4a
all, c
, COM
x c
, domestik
, Export
= f4q
c -
EXP_ELAST c
[{ p
c ,
domestik -
phi
}-
pworld c
]; Equation
E_x4b all,
c ,
COM x
c ,
impor ,
Export = 0;
Excerpt 9 of TABLO input file: Market clearing and prices for domestic commodities
Subset COM
is subset of IND
;
Equation
E_x1tot all,
c ,
COM x1tot
c =
x0 c
, domestik
;
Variable changeall,
c ,
COM Delptxrate
c Ordinary change in rate of domestic tax ;
Equation E_pA
Prices for domestic commodities
all, c
, COM
p c
, domestik
= p1tot
c + 100[
V1TOT c
V1TOT c
+ V1PTX
c ]
Delptxrate c
;
Excerpt 10 of TABLO input file: Prices for imported commodities
Variable changeall,
c ,
COM Delmtxrate
c Ordinary change in rate of import tax ;
Equation
E_pB Prices for import commodities
all, c
, COM
p c
, impor
= pworld
c +
phi +100[
V0CIF c
SALES c
, impor
] Delmtxrate
c ;
Excerpt 11 of TABLO input file: GDP from income side
Variable
w0gdpinc Nominal GDP from income side ;
Coefficient
V0GDPINC GDP from income side ;
Formula V0GDPINC
= sum{ i
, IND
, sum{ f
, FAC
, FACTOR
f ,
i }}
+ sum{ c
, COM
, V1PTX
c +
V0MTX c
}; Equation
E_w0gdpinc V0GDPINC
w0gdpinc =
sum{ i
, IND
, FACTOR
Labour ,
i [
p1lab +
x1lab i
]} +sum{
i ,
IND ,
FACTOR Capital
, i
[ p1cap
i +
x1cap i
]} +sum{
c ,
COM , 100
V1TOT c
Delptxrate c
+ V1PTX
c [
x1tot c
+ p1tot
c ]}
+sum{ c
, COM
, 100 V0CIF
c Delmtxrate
c +
V0MTX c
[ x0
c ,
impor +
pworld c
+ phi
]};
Excerpt 12 of TABLO input file: Expenditure-side GDP measures
Variable
w0gdpexp Nominal GDP from expenditure side ;
p0gdpexp GDP price index, expenditure side ;
x0gdpexp Real GDP from expenditure side ;
Coefficient
V0GDPEXP GDP from expenditure side ;
Formula
V0GDPEXP = sum{
c ,
COM , sum{
s ,
SRC ,sum{
u ,
FINALUSER ,
USE c
, s
, u
}} - V0CIF
c };
Equation E_w0gdpexp
V0GDPEXP w0gdpexp
=
sum{ c
, COM
, sum{ s
, SRC
,sum{ u
, FINALUSER
, USE
c ,
s ,
u [
p c
, s
+ x
c ,
s ,
u ]}}
- V0CIF
c [
x0 c
, impor
+ pworld
c +
phi
]}; Equation
E_p0gdpexp V0GDPEXP
p0gdpexp = sum{
c ,
COM ,
sum{ s
, SRC
,sum{ u
, FINALUSER
, USE
c ,
s ,
u p
c ,
s }} -
V0CIF c
[ pworld
c +
phi
]}; Equation
E_x0gdpexp x0gdpexp =
w0gdpexp -
p0gdpexp ;
Excerpt 13 of TABLO input file: More macro variables
Variable
x4tot Export volume index ;
p4tot Export price index ;
p2tot Investment price index ;
x0cif_c Import volume index, CIF prices ;
change delB
Balance of tradeGDP ;
Equation E_x4tot
sum{
c ,
COM ,
USE c
, domestik
, Export
[ x4tot
- x
c ,
domestik ,
Export
]} = 0; Equation
E_p4tot
sum{ c
, COM
, USE
c ,
domestik ,
Export [
p4tot -
p c
, domestik
]} = 0; Equation
E_p2tot
sum{ c
, COM
, sum{ s
, SRC
, USE
c ,
s ,
InvStock [
p2tot -
p c
, s
]}} = 0; Equation
E_x0cif_c
sum{ c
, COM
, V0CIF
c [
x0cif_c -
x0 c
, impor
]}=0; Equation
E_delB 100
V0GDPEXP delB
=sum{ c
, COM
, USE
c ,
domestik ,
Export [
p c
, domestik
+ x
c ,
domestik ,
Export -
w0gdpexp
] - V0CIF
c [
x0 c
, impor
+ pworld
c +
phi -
w0gdpexp
]};
Excerpt 14 of TABLO input file: Variables to assist factor market closure
Variable
realwage Wage rate deflated by CPI ;
employ Aggregate employment ;
all, i
, IND
gret i
Gross rate of return ;
Equation E_realwage
realwage =
p1lab -
p3tot ;
Equation
E_employ sum{
i ,
IND ,
FACTOR Labour
, i
[ employ
- x1lab
i ]}=0;
Equation
E_gret all,
i ,
IND gret
i =
p1cap i
- p2tot
; Excerpt 15 of TABLO input file:
Updating rules
Update all,
c ,
COM all,
s ,
SRC all,
u ,
USER USE
c ,
s ,
u =
p c
, s
x c
, s
, u
;
all, i
, IND
FACTOR Labour
, i
= p1lab
x1lab i
;
all, i
, IND
FACTOR Capital
, i
= p1cap
i x1cap
i ;
change all, c
, COM
all, s
, SRC
all, u
, HH
V3TAX c
, s
, u
= V3TAX
c ,
s ,
u [
x c
, s
, u
+ p
c ,
s ]100 +
V3PUR c
, s
, u
f3tax c
, u
100;
changeall, c
, COM
V0MTX c
= V0CIF
c Delmtxrate
c + 0.01
V0MTX c
[ x0
c ,
impor +
pworld c
+ phi
]; changeall,
c ,
COM V1PTX
c =
V1TOT c
Delptxrate c
+ 0.01 V1PTX
c [
x1tot c
+ p1tot
c ];
Excerpt 16 of TABLO input file: Summarize and check data
File new
SUMMARY output file for summary data ;
Coefficient all, c
, COM
CHECK c
costs + tax - sales : should = 0 ;
Formula all, c
, COM
CHECK c
= V1TOT
c +
V1PTX c
– SALES
c ,
domestik ;
Set COSTCAT
cost categories = SRC
union FAC
;
Coefficient all,
c ,
COSTCAT all,
i ,
IND COSTMAT
c ,
i Summary of industry costs ;
Formula all,
i ,
IND all,
s ,
SRC COSTMAT
s ,
i = sum{
c ,
COM ,
USE c
, s
, i
}; all,
i ,
IND all,
f ,
FAC COSTMAT
f ,
i =
FACTOR f
, i
;
Write
CHECK to file
SUMMARY header
CHEK ;
COSTMAT to file
SUMMARY header
COST ;
SALES to file
SUMMARY header
SALE ;
V1PRIM to file
SUMMARY
header 1PRM
; V1TOT
to file SUMMARY
header
1TOT ;
V0CIF to file
SUMMARY
header
0CIF ;
V0GDPEXP to file
SUMMARY header
GDPE ;
V0GDPINC to file
SUMMARY header
GDPI ;
Excerpt 17 of TABLO input file: More summary data
Set
MAINUSER broad user groups
Intermediate ,
InvStock ,
HouseHB ,
HouseHA ,
Export ,
GovGE ;
Subset FinalUser
is subset of MAINUSER
;
Coefficient all,
c ,
COM all,
u ,
MAINUSER MAINSALES
c ,
u Summary of sales ;
Formula all,
c ,
COM MAINSALES
c ,
Intermediate
= sum{ i
, IND
, USE
c ,
domestik ,
i };
all, c
, COM
all, u
, FINALUSER
MAINSALES c
, u
= USE
c ,
domestik ,
u ;
Coefficient all, i
, IND
CAPSHR i
Share of capital in primary factor costs ;
Formula all, i
, IND
CAPSHR i
= FACTOR
capital ,
i V1PRIM
i ;
Coefficient all, c
, COM
IMPSHR c
Share imports in local purchases ;
Formula all, c
, COM
IMPSHR c
=
sum{ u
, IMPUSER
, USE
c ,
impor ,
u }sum{
u ,
IMPUSER ,
USE_S c
, u
}; Write
MAINSALES to file
SUMMARY header
MSAL ;
CAPSHR to file
SUMMARY header
KSHR ;
IMPSHR to file
SUMMARY header
MSHR ;
end
Lampiran 2 Jumlah bahan bakar yang digunakan untuk membangkitkan listrik PLN tahun 2001-2009.
HSD IDO
MFO Tot
2001 3.575.480
30.457 1.793.283
5.399.220 14.027.713
222.421 2002
4.625.521 40.682
2.300.603 6.966.806
14.054.377 192.927
2003 5.024.362
31.573 2.557.546
7.613.481 15.260.305
184.304 2004
6.299.706 36.935
2.502.598 8.839.239
15.412.738 176.436
2005 7.626.201
27.581 2.258.776
9.912.558 16.900.972
143.050 2006
7.586.916 23.977
2.387.622 9.998.515
19.084.438 157.894
2007 7.874.290
13.557 2.801.128
10.688.975 21.466.348
171.209 2008
8.127.546 28.989
3.163.954 11.320.489
20.999.521 181.661
2009 6.365.116
11.132 3.032.657
9.408.905 21.604.464
266.539 Tahun
BBM kilo liter Jumlah
Batubara Ton
Gas Alam MMSCF
Lampiran 3 Harga bahan bakar yang digunakan untuk membangkitkan listrik tahun 2001-2009.
HSD IDO
MFO Tot
2001 879
797 655
804 200
26.074 2002
1.407 1.332
127 1.314
220 23.497
2003 1.741
1.705 1.595
1.680 231
21.550 2004
1.829 1.694
1.698 1.740
231 21.258
2005 2.819
2.486 2.418
2.574 252
25.324 2006
5.629 5.351
3.535 4.838
336 24.186
2007 5.350
5.275 3.563
4.881 339
23.481 2008
8.738 8.650
5.762 7.906
489 29.128
2009 5.601
5.552 4.316
5.187 732
37.998 Harga
Tahun BBM Rp liter
Batubara RpKg
Gas Alam RpMSCF
Lampiran 4 Nilai biaya bahan bakar yang digunakan untuk membangkitkan listrik tahun 2001-2009.
HSD IDO
MFO Tot
2001 3.141.131
24.275 1.174.098
4.339.503 2.799.932
5.799.356 12.938.791
2002 6.507.137
54.179 292.294
6.853.610 3.088.449
4.533.190 14.475.249
2003 8.746.962
53.835 4.079.670
12.880.467 3.522.384
3.971.825 20.374.675
2004 11.522.855
62.572 4.248.661
15.834.088 3.556.489
3.750.685 23.141.262
2005 21.499.405
68.566 5.462.150
27.030.120 4.251.440
3.622.564 34.904.124
2006 42.708.343
128.292 8.439.122
51.275.757 6.408.745
3.818.760 61.503.262
2007 42.124.381
71.519 9.981.568
52.177.467 7.271.940
4.020.157 63.469.564
2008 71.020.529
250.762 18.231.019
89.502.310 10.273.596
5.291.451 105.067.356
2009 35.651.460
61.809 13.088.523
48.801.792 15.821.381
10.128.077 74.751.250
Tahun Nilai juta RP
BBM Batubara
Gas Alam Total
Lampiran 5 Share nilai biaya bahan bakar yang digunakan untuk membangkitkan listrik tahun 2001-2009.
HSD IDO
MFO Tot
2001 24,28
0,19 9,07
33,54 21,64
44,82 100,00
2002 44,95
0,37 2,02
47,35 21,34
31,32 100,00
2003 42,93
0,26 20,02
63,22 17,29
19,49 100,00
2004 49,79
0,27 18,36
68,42 15,37
16,21 100,00
2005 61,60
0,20 15,65
77,44 12,18
10,38 100,00
2006 69,44
0,21 13,72
83,37 10,42
6,21 100,00
2007 66,37
0,11 15,73
82,21 11,46
6,33 100,00
2008 67,60
0,24 17,35
85,19 9,78
5,04 100,00
2009 47,69
0,08 17,51
65,29 21,17
13,55 100,00
Batubara Tahun
Gas Alam Komposisi
BBM Total
Lampiran 6 Ringkasan hasil penelitian empiris sebelumnya
No. Penelititahun
Data Dasar Alat Analisis
Hasil
1. Komaidi dan
Rakhmanto P. 2010
FSAM 2005 Metode WAB
Kenaikan TDL sebesar 10 – 20 berpotensi menambah biaya produksi sektor utama pengguna listrik rata‐rata sebesar 2,13 – 4,25
dan menambah besaran inflasi nasional sebesar 0,63 – 1,36 juga berpotensi menurunkan konsumsi listrik dan permintaan tenaga kerja
masing‐masing sebesar 6,70 – 13,40 dan 1,17 – 2,35. Dari hasil simulasi 10 sektor ekonomi yang terdampak besar terkait kenaikan TDL,
merupakan sektor‐sektor ekonomi yang padat tenaga kerja 2.
Floriasari AS. 2009
SNSE 2005
Analisis dampak SAM
dan Jalur transmisi
Kenaikan subsidi listrik akan menyebabkan kenaikan pendapatan tertinggi diterima oleh rumah tangga pengusaha golongan atas yang
berada di perkotaan sekaligus pemilik modal. Rumah tangga buruh pertanian akan mendapatkan pendapatan terkecil. Kenaikan subsidi
listrik meningkatkan pendapatan namun kesenjangan pendapatan semakin lebar.
3.
Makmun dan Abdurahman
2003
SNSE 2003 Analisis
dampak SAM Kenaikan TDL sebesar 10 persen berdampak terhadap turunannya
income riil rumah tangga buruh tani sekitar 1,47 persen dan rumah tangga non pertanian golongan bawah turun 3,47 persen. Kelompok
masyarakat yang paling banyak mengalami penurunan income riil adalah rumah tangga bukan pertanian golongan bawah, yang turun income
riilnya sampai 5,26 persen. Sedangkan pengurangan balas jasa yang diterima perusahaan sekitar 1,46 persen.
138
4
Sahara. 2003
Tabel I-O 1995 dan
SNSE 1995 Analisis CGE
dengan model INDOF,
Kenaikan TDL akan menyebabkan penurunan GDP riil sebesar 0,49 pada jangka pendek dan sebesar 2,21 pada jangka panjang. Kenaikan
TDL direspon oleh dengan penurunan konsumsi pada jangka pendek sebaliknya pada jangka panjang berdampak pada peningkatan
konsumsinya. Kenaikan TDL pada jangka pendek maupun panjang menyebabkan penurunan penggunaan tenaga kerja pada semua jenis
pekerjaan. 5.
Tribuana N. 2000
Tabel I-O 1995
Analisis CGE. Kenaikan TDL sebesar 1 menyebabkan GDP riil turun sebesar 0,002 pada kondisi short run, dan turun sebesar 0,04 pada kondisi
long-run. Untuk setiap 1 kenaikan TDL menyebabkan total investasi riil turun sebesar 0,01 pada kondisi short-run dan turun sebesar
0,03 pada kondisi long-run. Pada kondisi short-run, kenaikan TDL pengaruhnya relatif kecil 0,004 terhadap penurunan penggunaan
tenaga kerja . Pada kondisi long-run, setiap 1 kenaikan tarif listrik mengakibatkan penurunan penggunaan tenaga kerja sebesar 0,065 .
139
Halaman ini sengaja dikosongkan
ABSTRACT
TRI ISDINARMIATI. The Increasing of Electrical Price and Policy Responses to Minimize Its Negative Impacts on Indonesian Economic Performance. Supervised
under RINA OKTAVIANI and TONY IRAWAN.
Electricity is one of the strategic commodities in Indonesia. The Increasing of electrical price so called TDL stand for Tarif Dasar Listrik administered by the
government will be negative impact on Indonesian economic performance. Based on this research analysis, a rise of TDL will have negative impact on macro and
sectoral economic performance. This study aims to analyze the effects of a rise of TDL and policy responses to minimize its negative impacts on Indonesian
economic performance. The data which is used in this research are Input Output Table,
Social Accounting Matrix SAM and SUSENAS data.
Sources of data obtained from Board Central of Statistics. The analysis using Computable General
Equilibrium CGE model is called INDOTDL CGE model. The simulation results show that a rise of TDL will have negative impact on economic growth, household
consumption, export, employment and sectoral demand. This study also shows that an increase of efficiency in electricity sector by 10 percent is expected to decrease
the electrical price. In addition, a rise of TDL which is followed by an increase of efficiency or decrease of value added tax VAT policy in all sector have positive
impact on macro and sectoral economic performance on Indonesian.
The most effective policy to
economic improvement
is to
increase efficiency of electricity sector, so TDL doesn’t need to be increased.
Keywords : TDL, CGE, efficiency, VAT, economic performance.