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postpartum psychological disorders. Various predisposing factors are
considered to contribute significantly to the onset of anxiety or depression
postpartum Epifanio et al., 2015. One as one reason for the emergence of
postpartum depression. Lack of family financial capabilities would make the
mother more anxious in thinking of ways to fulfill the needs of the newborn.
demographic factors affecting Anxiety
lead the mother into a
postpartum depression is age. Age who are at risk of experiencing postpartum
depression is a young age 20 years and elderly 35 years. This is
because, at a young age lack of experience and mood disorders are still
common difficult adaptation to the new role that trigger the onset of parenting
stress. While old age is a risk of gestational age contributed to stimulated
perinatal anxiety. Pregnant women with older age are more focused on the risks
postpartum depression if she can‟t handled well Basri et al, 2014.
In addition to demographic factors, psychosocial factors also
contribute significantly to the emergence of postpartum depression. The main
psychosocial factors that lead to the emergence of depression is family
support. Families support have a major impact for the mother postpartum
because the family is the primary support system mother in adapting to her
they face during pregnancy and new role.
If the family support childbirth. This is exactly what
contributes to cause anxiety or depression prenatal Wahyuni, Murwati,
Supiati, 2014.
The second demographic factors that increase the risk of postpartum
depression is parity. Primiparous believed to have suffered postpartum
depression tendency level of the multiparous. This is attributed to the
lack of experience primiparity in adapting to a new role as a parent. The
transition period to become parents will bring confusion for primiparous so can
cause stress of parenting. Parenting stress would be a specific stressor thus
increasing the risk of the emergence of postpartum depression Wahyuni et al,
2014.
The third demographic factors contribute to postpartum depression is
the mothers education. Low education is rated as one of the risk factors of
inadequate, then the problem will lead postpartum depression occurs
Urbayatun, 2010. The last factor considered to
contribute to the emergence of postpartum depression is a history of
prenatal anxiety or depression. Prenatal anxiety or depression is stressfull life
event for postpartum mothers. The prenatal anxiety or depression will
accumulate and make postpartum mothers become more vulnerable and
sensitive to adaptation the roles changes Shlomi et al, 2014.
DISCUSSION
The first is the age demographic factors age 20 years and 35 years
increase the risk of postpartum mothers experience depression. The prevalence
of postpartum depression occurs in young mothers. Age is considered to
contribute to increase the risk of
postpartum depression. This
is postpartum anxiety or depression
associated with a lack of knowledge and because at a young age the greater
limitations of the use of information that possibility of mood disorders.
In would result in low postpartum maternal
skills in adapting to her new role. Limitations that will have an impact on
the increased risk of postpartum depression Wijayanti, Wijayanti,
Nuryanti, 2013. addition, postpartum mothers at a young
age have the skills that are lacking in managing the emotions associated with
the changes that occur postpartum. The lack of skills is considered to contribute
to the onset of postpartum depression
The next demographic factor is Wijayanti, Wijayanti,
Nuryanti, family income. Low family income seen
747 2013. Australian study also says that
too young mothers, the risk of experiencing prenatal and postpartum
depression will also increase Yelland, Sutherland, Brown, 2010. Research
conducted in Blora showed that the incidence of postpartum depression
experienced by the largest age group at risk, 83.33 of mothers with young age
under 20 years experience postpartum depression, followed by 41.67 of
mothers with older age over 35 years experiencing postpartum depression
Wijayanti et al., 2013. Meanwhile different results presented by Wahyuni
et al 2014 showed statistical result
pvalue = 0.470 α = 0.05, which means age at childbirth not contribute
primiparous. This is related to the increase in child then also increased
economic burdens and responsibilities, triggering the onset of anxiety or
depression postpartum Wahyuni, Murwati, Supiati, 2014.
Economic status into third demographic factors that predispose to
postpartum depression. Economic status increases the risk of postpartum
depression according to Yelland et al 2010 which states that a low income
family became one of the predisposing factors of postpartum depression. Low
income families will complicate the financial willingness with increasing
child. So that both long-term expenses
substantially in postpartum depression. and short-term
will be amended. Results were in accordance with the
concept of the developmental tasks of young adulthood, the time when the case
of adjustment to the changes of new life and new hope. Young adults have the
ability to take responsibility, the role and make a new commitment Wahyuni
et al, 2014. From literature above, the results is still a debate until now how
much the mothers age affects postpartum depression.
Research conducted Basri 2014 explains that 52.8 of respondents who
experienced postpartum depression comes from the weak economic group.
Maternal education factors stimulated postpartum depression is still
being debated. Low education is believed to be one factor in the
emergence of postpartum depression. This is because mothers with low
education, have lacking of knowledge
Parity is second factor that
and skills in adapting to the roles assessed as having a role in postpartum
changes Yelland et al., 2010.
psychological adaptation. Primiparous judged to be the vulnerable groups who
Wijayanti 2013, shows that respondents with low levels of education
experience postpartum depression, more
vulnerable to postpartum
because of the transition to the role of new parents is a stressful condition. This
transition can disrupt the pattern of family routine, changing priorities and
increased responsibility. Changes in fulfill the needs of newborns with lack
of experience resulted in the emergence of parenting stress would trigger
postpartum depression Epifanio et al., 2015. According to research Wijayanti
2013 postpartum depression in primiparous mothers 17.4 higher than
multiparous mothers. This is confirmed by various studies conducted that the
primiparous more vulnerable to postpartum depression. However,
research Basri 2014 showed different results that multiparas also has the same
risk of postpartum depression with
748 depression. However, the results of
different studies presented by Wahyu 2014 and Basri 2014 which states
that higher education will increase the risk of postpartum depression. From the
results, the data that 57.7 of respondents who experienced depression
originating from the higher education level. The same thing was also
mentioned by Shlomi 2014 that the level of higher education will lead to
high psychological problems postpartum. This is because the high self
ideal and too much exposure to the information, so that it actually makes
postpartum mothers confused when carrying out the role as the gap between
theory and reality.